Department of BES-

II SA 5-CO2
B A S I C ELECTRICAL & E L C T R O N I C
C I R C U I T S (BEEC)
C O U R S E C O D E : 23EC1201
Topic:

PHASE, PHAS E
DIFFERENCE
 AIM OF THE SESSION

To familiarize students with the basic concept of Phase and Phase difference with arithm etic
operation of phasors.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES

This Session is designed to:

1. Demonstrate Phase in respect of Sinusoidal signal.
2. Describe representation of sinusoidal voltage or current waveform by phasor.
3. List out how to write phasor quantity in polar/Cartesian form.
4. Describe how to perform addition / subtraction and multiplication / division on two or more
phasors to obtain a phasor.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this session, you should be able to:

1. Define Phase and Phase difference.
2. Describe representation of wave by phasor.
3. Summarize arithmetic operations on phasors.
 Phase

Definition of Phase:
Phase of an alternating quantity is fraction of
the time period that has elapsed since the
quantity last passed through the chosen zero
position of reference. (ZERO CROSSING POINT)
Phase Angle
It is the equivalent of phase in radians or degrees.
So phase angle is
 Phasor Representation of
an Alternating Quantity

• Alternating quantities have varying magnitude and

direction. So they are represented by a rotating vector.
• A Phasor is a vector rotating at a constant angular
velocity.
• Lets consider an alternating or sinusoidal quantity is
represented by a vector oa. It rotates with a counter
clock wise direction with a angular velocity ω radians/s.
• Projection of this vector on the vertical axis gives the
instantaneous values e of the induced emf i.e Sinωt.
When ωt =0 implies instantaneous values =OA
Sinωt=0
• ωt =π/2 implies instantaneous values =OA Sinωt
=0A π/2=Em (Peak value)
 Phasor Representation of
an Alternating Quantity

• Instantaneous values of emf at

various interval of time are :
 Phase Difference
Phase difference between two alternating quantities is the fractional part
of a period by which one has advanced over or lags behind the other. To
measure the phase difference, the frequency of the alternating quantity must
be same.
A. The alternating quantities are in phase when each pass through their
zero value, maximum and minimum values at the same instant of time.
B. A leading alternating quantity is one which reaches its maximum,
minimum or zero value earlier than the other quantity.
In the figure shown, eB is leading with respect to eC
C. A Lagging quantity is one which reaches the mazimum , minimum or
zero values later than the other quantity.
In the figure shown, eB is lagging with respect to eA
 Phase Difference
(contd..)
• I eb = E m Sin( w t)
f
ea = E m Sin(Wt)
+α
• And eC = E m SinWt – β
Where α is the phase difference between
e a and e b

And β is the phase difference

e b and between
eC
 Addition and
Subtraction
• Draw the Phasor diagram of alternating
quantity and then resolve each phasor
into its horizontal and vertical
components.
• Then add or subtract horizontal
components and vertical
components separately.
• Suppose Ix represents the addition or
subtraction of the phasor in the
horizontal axis, and Iy represents the
addition and subtraction in the
vertical axis, Resultant
phasor i.e Magnitude of I is given as
 EXAMPLE (Analytical
Method)

• At first draw the phasor diagram.

• The horizontal component of the
resultant voltage is

• The horizontal component of the

resultant voltage is
•
• So the resultant voltage is
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1. The frequency of the sinusoidal wave would be

(a) 100 pi Hertz

(b) 2000 Hertz
(c) 20 Hertz
(d) 1000/pi HertzHertz

2. Two waves of frequencies 20 Hz and 30 Hz travel out from a common point. The
phase difference between them after 0.6 seconds is

(a) Pi / 2
(b) Pi
(c) 3 Pi / 4
4
(d) Zero
(d) Zero
 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
3. A simple harmonic progressive wave is represented by the equation where x
and y are in cm and t is in seconds. At any instant the phase
difference between two particles separated by 2 cm in the x direction is

(a) 18 degree
(b) 36 degree
(c) 54 degree
(d) 72 degree
 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1.Describe Phase with proper diagram?

2.Mention the concept of phase lag and phase lead with neat
graphs
3.Analyze addition and subtraction of phase.
4.Summarize Phase and phase difference with suitable example
5.Draw the phasor representation of an alternating quantity
represent phase lag and phase lead with waveforms.
 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE SESSION

Reference Books:
1. A Sudhakar, Shyam Mohan S Palli, Circuits and Networks: Analysis and Synthesis,TMH,
5e
2. David A, Bell, Electronic Devices and Circuits, 5th Edition

Sites and Web links:

1. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105053
 THANK YOU

Team – Basic Electrical and Electronic

Circuits (BEEC) (23EC1201)