CLASS – 11 B 
AIL PROJECT
        GROUP MEMBERS - 
•SALIK
•ARYAN ALHAWAT
•SUJATA PRADHAN
•AAKASH GUPTA 
•YASH GOEL
 •1. BIOLOGY
INDEX •2. PHYSICS
•3. CHEMISTRY
ATMOSPHERE
-BIOLOGY
• Atmosphere refers to the gas and aerosol envelope that extends from the
ocean, land, and ice-covered surface of a planet outward into space.
Atmosphere also includes the environment of different areas .
• Environment refers to both abiotic (physical or non-living) and biotic (living)
environment.

According to P. Gisbert “Atmosphere is anything immediately surrounding an

object and exerting a direct influence on it.”
                                                           AND 
According to E. J. Ross “Environment is an external force which influences us.”
ATMOSPHERIC BIOLOGY 
. The atmosphere of the Earth contains many This  topic discusses the principles of
minute particles of matter, a large proportion of microbiology of the atmosphere and some
which is of biological origin. Most viable palynological aspects of the atmosphere. The air
airborne particles are spores which are to some serves as a temporary habitat for viruses,
extent suited for survival in such an environment vegetative cells and spores of bacteria, small
for a limited period, but most eventually algal and protozoal cysts, spores of lichens,
succumb to the rigours of airborne travel.  myxomycetes and lichens.

Many of these organisms may be involved in the

production of infectious diseases of man,
animals or plants. Others can elicit allergic
responses of man or animals. Spores of
toxicogenic fungi are transported by air currents,
which can cause contamination of plants and
agricultural crops thus enabling fungal growth
and mycotoxin production.
• But life doesn't stop at the rocks and liquids of Earth, it permeates
the atmosphere too. Birds, insects, plants, and fungi all exploit the
world-spanning fluid of the air and its currents and turbulence. It
also seems that the vast microbial biosphere extends well into this
domain.

• Atmospheric sampling suggests that there is an appreciable

biological load at least up and into the bottom of Earth's
stratosphere at around 7 kilometers altitude at polar regions all the
way up to about 20 kilometers at the equator, with seasonal
variation. These measurements are not easy, in part because the
number of organisms in a given volume is quite low by surface
standards - between around 100 to 10,000 cells in every
cubic centimeter. But also because of the sheer genomic diversity.
• Airborne microbes are biological airborne contaminants (also
known as bioaerosols) like bacteria, viruses or fungi as well as
airborne toxins passed from one victim to the next through the air
 ATMOSPHERE OF SIKKIM
• The atmosphere of Sikkim can be termed as calm in wide terms. Sikkim
appreciates the five seasons of summer, winter, storm, pre-winter, and
spring.

•  Its climate is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Himalayas and the
Thar Desert, causing it to experience both weather extremes. Delhi has 5
distinct seasons, viz. Spring, Summer, Rainy, Autumn and Winter.
Broadly speaking, Delhi has long and scorching summers- sub-divided
into summer and monsoon seasons, short and cold winters, and two bouts
of pleasant transition seasons
ATMOSPHERE
PHYSICS
ATMOSPHERIC   PHYSICS   
Atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere. Atmospheric
physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other planets using 
fluid flow equations, chemical models, radiation budget, and energy transfer processes in the
atmosphere (as well as how these tie into other systems such as the oceans). In order to model
weather systems, atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation
models, cloud physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics which are highly mathematical and
related to physics. It has close links to meteorology and climatology and also covers the design and
construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the interpretation of the data they
provide, including remote sensing instruments. At the dawn of the space age and the introduction of
sounding rockets, aeronomy became a subdiscipline concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere,
where dissociation and ionization are important.
TERMINOLOGY
Atmospheric electricity  •Remote sensing 
Atmospheric electricity is the term given to the •Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by
the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s) that is not in physical or intimate contact
electrostatics and electrodynamics of the atmosphere (or,
with the object (such as by way of aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, buoy, or ship]. 
more broadly, the atmosphere of any planet). The 
Earth's surface, the ionosphere, and the atmosphere is
known as the global atmospheric electrical circuit.[9] •Radiation 
 Lightning discharges 30,000 amperes, at up to 100 million  •  Atmospheric physicists typically divide radiation into solar radiation (emitted by the sun) and
volts, and emits light, radio waves, X-rays and even  terrestrial radiation (emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere).Solar radiation contains variety of
gamma rays.[10] Plasma temperatures in lightning can wavelengths. Visible light has wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers Shorter wavelengths
are known as the ultraviolet (UV) part of the spectrum, while longer wavelengths are grouped into
approach 28,000 kelvins and electron densities may
the infrared portion of the spectrum.Ozone is most effective in absorbing radiation around 0.25
micrometers,] where UV-c rays lie in the spectrum. This increases the temperature of the
Atmospheric tide nearby stratosphere. Snow reflects 88% of UV rays, while sand reflects 12%, and water reflects only 4%
of incoming UV radiation.The more glancing the angle is between the atmosphere and the sun's rays,
The largest-amplitude atmospheric tides are mostly the more likely that energy will be reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere.
generated in the troposphere and stratosphere when the
atmosphere is periodically heated as water vapour and
ozone absorb solar radiation during the day. The tides
generated are then able to propagate away from these
source regions and ascend into the mesosphere and 
thermosphere.
Aeronomy
Aeronomy is the science of the upper region of
the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization
are important. The term aeronomy was introduced
by Sydney Chapman in 1960. [15] Today, the term
also includes the science of the corresponding
regions of the atmospheres of other planets.
Research in aeronomy requires access to balloons,
satellites

Pressure
Atmospheric pressure at a particular location is the force
 per unit area perpendicular to a surface determined by
the weight of the vertical column of atmosphere above
that location. On Earth, units of air pressure are based on
the internationally recognized standard atmosphere
 (atm), which is defined as 101.325 kPa (760 Torr or
14.696 psi). It is measured with a barometer.
 This is a diagram of the seasons. In addition to the density of Cloud-to-ground lightning in the global atmospheric
incident light, the dissipation of light in the atmosphere is greater electrical circuit
when it falls at a shallow angle.
ATMOSPHERE
 
CHEMISTRY
ATMOSPHERIC
CHEMISTRY 
• Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of
the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a 
multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, 
physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology
 and other disciplines. Research is increasingly connected with other areas of study
such as climatology.
• The composition and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere is of importance for
several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions between the atmosphere
and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result
of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar
particles from corona. It has also been changed by human activity and some of these
changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems
which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry include acid rain, 
ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming.
Atmospheric chemists seek to understand the causes of these problems, and by
obtaining a theoretical understanding of them, allow possible solutions to be tested
and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated.
 Average composition of dry atmosphere (mole fractions) 

Gas  per NASA  

Nitrogen, N   2 78.084% 

Oxygen, O   2
[1]
20.946% 

Minor constituents (mole fractions in ppm) 

COMPOSITION Argon, Ar  9340 

OF
Carbon dioxide, CO   2 400 

Neon, Ne  18.18 

DRY  ATMOSPH Helium, He 

Methane, CH   4
5.24 

1.7 

ERE Krypton, Kr 

Hydrogen, H   2
1.14 

0.55 

Nitrous oxide, N O  2 0.5 

Xenon, Xe  0.09 

Nitrogen dioxide, NO   2 0.02 

Water 

Water vapour  Highly variable; 

typically makes up about 1% 
 Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere if half of global-warming
Schematic of chemical and transport processes
emissions are not absorbed.
related to atmospheric composition.
(NASA simulation; 9 November 2015)
 ATMOSPHERE OF SIKKIM 
Weather and Climate • Natural Calamity

Sikkims geographical location with its altitudinal variation • The State of Sikkim is very vulnerable to natural
allows it to have tropical, temperate and alpine climatic calamities considering that it falls under the Seismic
conditions within its small area of 7,096 kms.Temperature Zone IV/V and records one of the highest annual
conditions vary from sub-tropical in the southern lower parts rainfalls in the country. Every year a noticeable number
to cold deserts in the snowy north. It is also the most humid of people are affected by natural disasters among
region in the whole range of the Himalayas, because of its which landslides, floods and river bank erosion are
proximity to the Bay of Bengal and direct exposure to most frequent
Southern monsoon. Sikkim's climate ranges from sub-tropical
in the south to tundra in the north. Most of the inhabited
regions of Sikkim experience a temperate climate, with
temperatures seldom exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) in summer. The
average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18
°C (64 °F).
 POLLUTANT  GASES IN ATMOSPHERE
• From the atmospheric science viewpoint, interactions of all gasses among themselves and their
interaction with the environmental elements are of interest. However, for identification purposes, we
need to identify the gases produced by man-made process (industry).
• Some of the gases due to human activities are:
• Carbon dioxide result from the excess burning of carbon-containing fuel.
• Carbon monoxide produced by automobiles. This orderless and colorless gas is very toxic.
• Ozone produced in the exhaust of internal combustion engine, and the variation of ozone concentration
in the stratosphere.
• Nitrogen oxides such as NO, NO2, N2O4; due to the production of NO in the internal combustion engine.
• Methane gas produced due to treatments of large amount of waste.
• Sulfur oxides produced in mining operation and in the combustion of sulfur containing fuel. Sulfur oxide
causes the so called acid rain problem.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are gases used as refrigerant. When disposed into the atmosphere, they
cause the ozone concentration to decrease.
ENGLISH
JINGLE 
Pluck up your waste and litter wherever you go ,
In Sun or rain , in forest or snow
Let all little plants and the animals have their say
So please , let them play
Our water is so precious  , so cherish it and stop polluting it 
You can count on trees for the air you breathe
Oh Mother Earth
You give us forest to cook our food 
To grow our crop
That's not where you stop  , Mountains and oceans
You give us all we need and we love you 
Pollution , pollution is so rude
And this should stop very soon 
So take a pledge to save our Mother Earth 
Before we die of dearth