SARDAR VALLABHBHAI PATEL

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,VASAD

Project Topic: CFD Analysis of Compressor Blade Stalling

Guided by : Niyati Shah(Assistant Professor, Aeronautical Dept., SVIT, Vasad)

Dhruvin Shah(Assistant Professor, Aeronautical Dept, SVIT, Vasad)

Name: Jashapara Harsh(170410101016)

Panchal Sakshi(170410101028)
Patel Apoorva(170410101032)
Thakral Raavi(170410101057)
INTRODUCTION
Stall:
• Imbalance between the airflow supply and airflow demand which results in
change in engine rpm and pressure ratio.
Effects:
1. Smooth airflow gets interrupted
2. Reverse flow (surge)
3. Turbulence and pre-fluctuation in turbine
4. Increase exhaust gas temperature
5. Engine damage
6. Severe Stresses
Compressor stall

• It is the local disturbance in the airflow which provides compressed air with
reduced effectiveness which results in compressor surge

• There are two types of compressor stall

1. Rotating stall
2. Axi-symmetric stall
Rotating stall

• It is small portion of airfoil experiencing airfoil stall which creates pockets of

relatively stagnant air which are called stall cells and moving in flow direction
and rotate around the circumference of the compressor

• Stall cells rotate with the rotor blades at 50 to 70 % of their speed affecting
the subsequent airfoils around the rotor.

• Stable local stalls can also occur which are axi-symmetric covering the
complete circumference of the compressor disc or only a portion of its radial
plane.
• It may be momentary resulting from external disturbance or may be steady
as the compressor finds a working equivalent between stalled and
unstalled areas

• As compressor efficiency decreases structural load increases

Axi-symmetric stall
• This is a complete breakdown in compression resulting in a reversal of flow
and violent expulsion of previously compressed air out through the engine
intake due to compressor’s inability to continue working against the already
compressed air behind it.

• The compressor either experiencing conditions which exceed the limit of it’s
pre rise capabilities or is highly loaded such that it does not have the capacity
to absorb a momentary disturbance.

• If engine pressure ratio reduces to its main level which is designed for
compressor then the compressor will recover to normal flow.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
Published Publication Author Title Concluding remark
by date
ASME 12/05/2013 M.T. Sobhavathy axial flow compressor CFD Results shows that the clearance flow affects
GTINDIA Premakara analysis to understand the 15% outer span of the rotor blade at 100%
Hanoca flow behaviour of single design speed and in the absence of blade
stage transonic passage shock at 60% design speed, the
influence of tip leakage flow observed was
around 8%.

American 05/23/1996 L. He Computational Study of It is shown that a short-scale pattern is more

inst of Rotating-Stall Inception in difficult to survive in a multiple-blade-row
aeronautics Axial Compressors situation than in an isolated blade-row
and situation. This might be because of the
astronautics conflicting requirement that a short-scale
pattern would have to travel in a rotor frame
and a stator frame at two very different
relative rotating speeds.
published by Published author title Concluding remark
date
American 12/02/1986 Roger L. Davis Cascade Viscous Flow The results of these comparisons are quite
inst of Ron-Ho Ni Analysis Using the Navier- favourable and have led to the principal conclusion
aeronautics James E. Carter Stokes Equations of this work that the present method for solving
and the Navier-Stokes equations is capable of yielding
astronautics accurate solutions.

ASME 06/14/1990 C. J. HWANG Inviscid and Viscous A locally implicit finite volume cell-centered
GTINDIA J. L. LIU Solutions for Airfoil/Cascade scheme for numerical integration of the
Flows Using a Locally Euler/Navier-Stokes, continuity, and energy
Implicit Algorithm on equations in conjunction with Baldwin-Lomax
Adaptive Meshes model for turbulent flow has been developed in
Cartesian coordinate system.
Aerospace 08/18/2005 N. Gourdain Numerical simulation of Stall cells are the result of the upstream flow
science & S. Burguburu rotating stall in a subsonic disorganization when mass flow decreases or when
technology F. Leboeuf compressor the downstream pressure increases (dependency
H. Miton to the initial conditions).
CIT US 08/1955 Frank E. Propagation of stall in the Based upon this model the features of stall
Marble compressor blade row propagation that is the extent of stall region, the
pressure loss associated with stalled operation
together with its attending effect upon
performance, as well as the speed of stall
propagation arise naturally and simply
Publishe Published author title Concluding remark
d by date
MIT US 03/1999 Yifang Gong A computational model for A behaviour of short length scale disturbances can be
rotating stall and inlet adequately described without blade discreteness once
distortion in multistage such a disturbance is imposed onto the system.
compressor

Iowa 1988 William Ward Stage effects on stalling and Overall compressor install pressure characteristics
state uni Copenhaver recovery of a high speed 10 involved lower pressure levels then the unstalled
stage axial flow compressor characteristics. Pressure levels of the install
characteristics decreased with increasing shaft speed.

Iowa 1991 Rukavina Modification of axial-flow A three-stage axial-flow research compressor was
state uni John Paul compressor stall margin by tested with a variety of inlet guide vane
variation of stationary blade circumferentially varying setting angle patterns to
setting angles confirm results obtained with the two-stage fan and
to reach further conclusions about stall margin
improvement capability.

IJSCE 03/2012 Krishna Murari CFD analysis of flow through Due to turbulence, a greater intermixing of the fluid
Pandey compressor cascade molecules occur leading to increased resistance to
flow, increasing the heat conductivity at the same
time. • Turbulence kinetic energy shows decrease
towards positive angle of attack, particularly in the
range of +2° to +6°.
Our main analysis is based on

• To find the causes resulting into the compressor stall.

• To find necessary changes required to reduce/avoid compressor stall.
PARAMETERS CAUSING COMPRESSOR STALL

1. Imbalance between the airflow supply and airflow demand

2. Foreign object damage
3. Worn out, poorly maintained compressor components
4. In-flight icing
5. Improper handling of engine
6. Extreme flight maneuvers
IMBALANCE BETWEEN AIRFLOW SUPPLY AND AIRFLOW
DEMAND

• Stalling occurs due to the flow separation on the suction side of the
compressor blade which may is the affect of insufficient speed of inlet airflow
which results in more friction between surface of blade and airflow.

• Stall may start at one location and further proceed or propagates to another
location in the compressor

• According to Aircraft propulsion and Gas Turbine engines ,CRC press , Feb
2008- Two type of stall occurs , positive and negative stall which can be
corrected by adjusting compressor blade angles
• When the mass flow rate  decreases, then for constant rotational speed,
pressure ratio increases and compressor is subjected to positive stall and
surge could start.

• Control systems for compressor is immediately activated and then either

variable stator vanes or bleed system is used to decrease the incidence
angle and avoid separation or subsequent surge.
COMPRESSOR SURGING(AXI-SYMMETRY STALL)

• pressure surge, is a complete breakdown in compression resulting

in a reversal of flow and the violent expulsion of previously
compressed air out through the engine intake, due to the
compressor's inability to continue working against the already-
compressed air behind it. The compressor either experiences
conditions which exceed the limit of its pressure rise capabilities or is
highly loaded such that it does not have the capacity to absorb a
momentary disturbance, creating a rotational stall which can
propagate in less than a second to include the entire compressor.
FOREIGN OBJECT DAMAGE

• Ingestion of foreign objects ,a screw for example may damage the

rotating compressor blade
• Sand and dirt erosion
• Dirt build-up in the compressor and wear that increases compressor tip
clearances or seal leakages
• Taxiing on the ground, taking off, low level flying (military) and
approaching to land all take place where bird strikes are a hazard.
When a bird is ingested by a compressor the resultant blockage and
airfoil damage causes compressor surging. Examples of debris on a
runway or aircraft carrier flight deck that can cause damage are pieces
of tire rubber, litter and nuts and bolts.
WORN OUT, POORLY MAINTAINED COMPRESSOR COMPONENTS

• The blades of compressor when not maintained may develop rust and may
tear off in between the operation of highspeed rotating
EXTREME FLIGHT MANUEVERS

extreme flight maneuvers resulting in airflow separations within the engine

intake, flight in icing conditions where ice can build up in the intake or
compressor, flight at excessive altitudes

• Engine operation outside its flight manual procedures; e.g., on early jet

engines abrupt throttle movements (slam acceleration) when pilot's notes
specified slow throttle movements
IMPROPER HANDLING OF ENGINE

• Improper maintenance may

result into slow rotation of the
compressor which may add
into the stalling of the
compressor blades.
How Stalling occurs inside AxialCompressor?

Inside an axial compressor stalling occurs in two different ways,

1. Flow separation because of external parameters or high angle of
incidence leads to stalling of compressor blade and if it is not cured
than it results into surge.
2. Due to the tip clearance inside rotor casing.
Approaches to solve Fluid Dynamics problems

• Analytical Approach
• Experimental Approach
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Approach
Computational Fluid Dynamics

• Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a branch of fluid mechanics that

uses numerical analysis and data structures to analyze and solve
problems that involve fluid flows.

• Computers are used to perform the calculations required to simulate the

free-stream flow of the fluid, and the interaction of the fluid (liquids and
gases) with surfaces defined by boundary conditions.

• With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved, and

are often required to solve the largest and most complex problems.
Software used for CFD Analysis

• ANSYS by ANSYS
• OpenFOAM by The OpenFOAM Foundation
• PowerFLOW by Exa Corporation
• SimScale by SimScale
• COMSOL Multiphysics by COMSOL INC
• Autodesk CFD by Autodesk
• IVRESS by Advanced Science & Automation Corporation
• FLOW-3D by Flow Science
• And many more..
ANSYS FLUENT

• Ansys, Inc. is a global public company based in Canonsburg,

Pennsylvania. It develops and markets multiphysics engineering simulation
software for product design, testing and operation.

• ANSYS Fluent by Ansys is the industry-leading fluid simulation software

used to predict fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions and
other related phenomena. Known for delivering the most accurate
solutions in the industry without compromise, Fluent’s advanced physics
modeling capabilities include cutting-edge turbulence models, multiphase
flows, heat transfer, combustion, shape optimization, multiphysics and
much more.
Steps

• Plot the 2D blade co-ordinates in excel

• Import this in ansys with other 2 offsets to generate cascade
• Generate 3D curve and then solid surface with edge selection
• Then select spline on both offsets
• Take 3 offset points for reference
• Then plot the geometry in meshing
• Use all triangle method with 1 phase and 2 refinement
• Divide 2D blade surface in 300 divisions with edge sizing
• Then generate the mesh
• There are 45747 nodes, 89325 elements and chord length is 1m
• Then name the sides that is inlet, outlet and 2D blade
• Then move to set up where fluent is launch
• apply inlet boundary conditions: velocity (2.783,19.805)
pressure= 1atm
• Use coupled method because of compressible flow
• Then give standard initialization and compute from inlet
• Run the mesh
• Plot the contours for different properties
Geometry
Mesh
Static pressure contour
Dynamic pressure contour
Relative total pressure
Total pressure
Pressure co-efficient
Velocity magnitude
Residual graph
THANK YOU