PRECIPITATION AND

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PRECIPITATION

- ANY FORM OF WATER LIKE

RAIN, SNOW, HAIL AND SLEET
DERIVED FROM ATMOSPHERIC
VAPOR, FALLING TO THE
GROUND.
FORMATION OF PRECIPIATION

- Factors determining precipitation.

a. Climate
b. Geography
- Ocean surfaces is the chief source
of moisture for precipitation.
FORMATION OF PRECIPIATION

Drizzle:
- has diameter under 0.02 inch.
- intensity is usually less than 0.4
inch/hr.
- drizzle are the minute particles
of water at the start of rain.
FORMATION OF PRECIPIATION

Rain:
- rain is the common type of
precipitation.
- the size of drops is more than
0.02 inch and less than 0.25 inch.
in diameter.
- if the rate of rainfall is more
than the rate of infiltration of soil.
FORMATION OF PRECIPIATION

Glaze:
- it is the ice coating formed on
the drizzle or rain drops.
Sleet:
- it is the frozen rain drops cooled
to the ice stage while falling through
air at subfreezing temperatures.
FORMATION OF PRECIPIATION

Snow:
- is the precipitation in the form
of ice crystals resulting from
sublimation.
Snowflakes
- it is made up of a number of ice
crystals fused together.
FORMATION OF PRECIPIATION

Hails:
- precipitation in the form of
balls or lumps of ice over 0.2 inch.
diameter.
PRODUCTION OF PRECIPIATION

Precipitation is formed from water vapor

in the atmosphere.
Factors influencing precipitation
formation.
a. Mechanism of cooling.
b. Condensation of water vapors.
c. Growth of droplets.
d. Accumulation of moisture.
PRODUCTION OF PRECIPIATION
Mechanism of cooling:
-the reduction of pressure when air
ascends from the surface of earth to
upper levels in the atmosphere is the
only mechanism capable of
producing the degree and rate
needed to account for heavy rainfall.
- Super saturation is know to occur
in the atmosphere so the excess
moisture over saturation condenses
through the cooling process which
ultimately results in precipitation.
PRODUCTION OF PRECIPIATION
Condensation of water vapors:
- It normally occurs when is 100%
relative humidity and a
condensation nuclei having an
affinity for water is present.
-Sources of these condensation
nuclei are the particles of sea salt,
carbon dioxide and the sulfurous and
nitrogenous oxides emanating from
surface of the earth into the
atmosphere.
PRODUCTION OF PRECIPIATION
Growth of droplets:
Two process:
a. Coalescence of droplets through
collision
-due to difference in speed of
motion between larger and smaller
droplets results in the growth of
droplets.
b. Co-existence of ice crystals and
water droplets.
-the growth of droplets is also
achieved by their co-existence with
the ice crystals.
-this generally happens in a
temperature range of 10’F to 20’F.
PRODUCTION OF PRECIPIATION

Accumulation of moisture:
-heavy rainfall amount over a
river basin exceed by far the amount
of water vapor at the atmospheric
volume vertically above the basin.
PRODUCTION OF PRECIPIATION

Convergence
- the moisture added to the
atmosphere over a basin may be
transported very large distance in the
lowest layer of atmosphere.
-vertical motion it rises thousands
of feet and loses mush of its contained
water vapor in just a few hours.