BY:

SHEENDEE DUTOLLO

ANIMAL NERVOUS ANIMAL FORM

SYSTEM AND FUNCTION

 - is a network of nerve cells and, in most
animals, a brain. In vertebrates, it also includes
a spinal cord

- Where nerve channels and organize

information flow through

WHAT IS IT?

NERVOUS SYSTEM
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 Neuron
- primary cell type found in the nervous system

- has a cell body, containing the nucleus , and long

extensions to carry information from one part of the
body to another.

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 FUNCTIONS:

two primary functions that are critical in maintaining the life of

the organism:

1. Sensory receptors allow the organism to monitor its external

environment and detect changes that occur (for example, an
increase in temperature).

2. the nervous system also monitors the organism's internal

environment, controlling heart rate so that enough blood is
delivered to organs, or measuring nutrient levels to signal
when an organism needs to obtain food.

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Central Nervous System
• functions in order to coordinate each and every activity taking
place in all the parts of the body of every bilaterian organism
(animals evolved to a better organic stage than sponges and
jellyfish).
• The central nervous system, in vertebrates is placed inside the
meninges and consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
• along with the PNS it contributes a huge control on the
organism’s behavior

Peripheral Nervous System

• exists and extends outside the Central Nervous System.
• connects the Central Nervous System with the various organs in
the body and the limbs.
• Afferent and efferent
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 HOW DOES IT

NERVOUS SYSTEM
WORK?

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SLIDE TITLE OF INTERPRETATIONS
THREE STAGES
OF SIGNALS THAT REACHES THE
BRAIN:

1. SENSORY INPUT

2. INTEGRATION

3. MOTOR OUTPUT

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SENSORY FUNCTION: Nervous system uses its millions of
sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and
outside of the body. Those changes are called STIMULI, and the
gathered information is called Sensory Input.

INTEGRATIVE FUNCTION: The Nervous System process and

interprets the sensory input ad makes decisions about what
should be done at each moment—a process called Integration.

MOTOR FUNCTION: The Nervous System then sends

information to muscles, glands, and organs (effectors) so they
can respond correctly, such as muscular contraction or glandular
secretions.
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GLAIAL CELL TYPES

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SLIDE TITLE
Neuron – basic unit of the nervous system.

Nucleus
Extension
- dentrites
- axon

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STRUCTURAL CLASSES OF A NEURON

MULTIPOLAR

BIPOLAR

UNIPOLAR

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Voltage –is the measure of potential
energy generated by separate charges
- Membrane potential
Current – the flow of electricity from one
point to another
= voltage / resistance
Resistance – whatever is getting in the
way of the current.

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Axon potential varies from speed (conduction
velocity)
myelin sheath – factor that affects the axon’s
potential speed the most as they offer less
resistance thus allow action potential to happen
quickly
-axon with myelin sheath conducts signal faster
than the one’s without

Nodes of Ranvier – depolarizes to activate the

voltage gated channels. Gaps between the
myelin.

Saltatory conduction – the leaping process FIRST UP

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Synapse – the meeting point between 2 neurons

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Presynaptic neuron – cell that is sending the signal
Presynaptic terminal/ axon terminal – where the signal is transmitted
-synaptic vesicles (hold molecules of neurotransmitter)
Post synaptic neuron – the receiving cell. Accepts the neuro transmitter
Synaptic cleft – gap between pre and post synaptic cell.

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VERTIBRATE VS. Nervous system
INVERTEBRATE
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 DESCRIPTION
Animals have some distinct type of
nervous system with distinct organization
of neurons (nerve cells)

Cephalization
-formation of a CNS (central nervous
system in animals)
-the clustering of sensory organs in
the front end of the body
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 Nervous system
INVERTEBRATE
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INVERTEBRATES:

CNS
- Brain and longitudinal nerve cords

PNS
- All the nerves on the rest of the animal body

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The simplest type of nervous system is found
in hydras and jellyfish (cnidarians) and is
referred to as a "nerve net."

Nerve nets do not have distinct central or

peripheral regions, and lack anything that
resembles a brain. Instead, the scattered nerve
cells form loose networks in each cell layer of
the body wall

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SLIDE TITLE
SIMPLE CEPHALIZED
ANIMALS

• simple CNS with a

small brain and
longitudinal nerve
cord

Example:
Hydra (cnidarian)
planarian

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SLIDE TITLE
MORE COMPLEXED
INVERTIBRATES

• CNS is composed of
the brain and ventral
nerve cords with
clusters of neurons
called gangalia

Example:
Annelids
Anthropods

Ganglia
Segmentally arranged cluster of neurons
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 Nervous system
VERTEBRATE
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VERTEBRATES:

CNS
- Brain and spinal cord

PNS
- Nerves and ganglia

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vertebrate brains all contain three regions: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

• Hindbrain –located at the junction of the brain and spinal cord, and is dedicated to
coordination of motor (movement) reflexes and regulation of autonomic processes such
as blood pressure and heart rate.
 An extension of the hindbrain called the cerebellum assists in coordinating motor
movement in response to sensory input.

• midbrain – concerned with visual processing and some motor control.

• forebrain (the region closest to the anterior end of the organism) – shows the most
variability among vertebrates. It can be divided into two distinct regions:
 The telencephalon is concerned with associative activity, that is, combining or integrating
all incoming sensory information and directing an appropriate response.
 The diencephalon contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, regions important in
processing sensory input and autonomic responses, respectively.

The size of these regions varies depending on the vertebrate class.

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VERTEBRATE VARIETY
BRAIN
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 PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES

Example: FISH

In primitive vertebrates such as fish,

• the hindbrain is the largest of the three regions.

• cerebellum is relatively well developed for swimming and

balance, although not in the lampreys and hagfishes.
• have a small mid-brain (just above the hindbrain) for the
processing of visual information
• a small forebrain primarily concerned with the sense of
smell (olfaction).

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 AMPHIBIANS

• The hindbrain is more enlarged in amphibians compared to

fish, but the cerebellum is often reduced in size, which reflects
the relatively simple locomotion of amphibians.
• The forebrain is still small and functions primarily in olfaction.

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 REPTILES AND BIRDS
• the size of the cerebellum is increased over amphibians, reaching
massive proportions in birds where it regulates the complex
muscle activity and spatial coordination needed for flying.
• The midbrain is enlarged as well, which permits interpretation of
more complex visual images. This is particularly true of birds,
which also have relatively large eyes.
• The sense of hearing becomes more developed, and, beginning
with reptiles, the midbrain shows a distinct region dedicated to
auditory processing.
• possess forebrain regions that are much larger than those of more
primitive vertebrates; the more complex motor skills and sensory
input require a larger telencephalon to process input and
coordinate responses.
• The regions devoted to the sense of smell diminish in size,
especially in most birds, which have a very poor sense of smell.
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 MAMALS

• the most striking change is in the size of the cerebellum

(again for more complex movements) and the telencephalon,
which may be so large that it covers the diencephalon,
midbrain, and part of the cerebellum.

• As specialization of the telencephalon increases, the

increased size is correlated with the appearance of
convolutions or folds in the surface.

• This specialization reaches its highest level in humans; the

highly wrinkled cerebral cortex completely covers all but the
cerebellum in humans. all cognitive functions (speech, math,
learning, memory) are located here as well.
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 SOURCES
• www.biologyreference.com/Mo-Nu/Nervous-Systems.html
• http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-cns-and
-pns/
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/6432047/?fbclid=IwAR3BEDU_6U3zgkv0QEv
TguXjr1KTC_jKSrMBXaOklhNwm6DCvXms48cE-Yc
• https://www.slideshare.net/wyllhy/the-nervous-system-slide-show
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZG8M_ldA1M&t=538s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VitFvNvRIIY

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