Computer Application Course

EDP (Electronic Data Processing)

DOS / GW Basic

Basics of Computer Networking

Software Applications

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Computer Networking

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 Computer Networking
Procedure to group computers so that they can communicate for sharing
resources & information

Requirements (Network Elements)

•Something to share (data)
•A physical pathway (transmission medium & devices)
•Rules of communication (protocols)

Goals of Networking PCs

•Files Sharing
•Devices Sharing
•Common administration and security
•Network Applications Supporting (email & database)

Servers: Provides service or resource to a number of users

• Web server , mail server , chat server , print server, database server
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 Network Models

1) Peer-to-peer:
• Also called workgroup
• Ideal for small networks (10 users)
• No Centralized security
• Each PC responsible for the administration & resource sharing
• Simpler software

2) Server-based:
• Resources at central location
• Needs server or group of servers
• More efficient
• Clients with min hardware configurations
• NW administrator controls access to network resources
• Withhold permission for a user to access files, printers, etc

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 LAN & WAN

Local Area Networks (LANs)

Group of computers and network communication devices

interconnected within a geographically limited area

They transfer data at high speeds

They exist in a limited geographical area

Their technology is generally less expensive

LAN 5
 LAN & WAN
Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Located within a state or country, or may be interconnected around
the world
Unlimited geographical area
More risk to errors due to the distances data travels
Interconnect multiple LANs.
More sophisticated and complex than LANs
Technology is expensive

Enterprise WANs: Single organization, Security, e.g. SUPARCO Net

Global WAN: Several organizations, No Security, e.g. Internet

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Wide Area Network

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 Network Topologies & Architectures

Map of the network

Plan of cabling interconnecting nodes
How nodes will function in relation to one another

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 1) Bus Topology Bus

All devices connect to a common, shared cable ( backbone).

Broadcast signals in both directions, enabling all devices to directly receive the signal.
Computers Tx data in the hope that it will not collide with data Tx by other nodes;
If this happens, the sending node simply tries again. This repetition slows down the
network.
Nodes can be attached/detached from the network without affecting the N/W.
If one node fails, it does not affect the rest.

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 2) Ring Topology Ring

Wired in a circle. Each node is connected to its neighbors on either side

Data passes around the ring in one direction only.
Each device has a receiver and a transmitter and serves as a repeater.
Data is examined by the node to see if it is the address; if not, the data is
passed on the next node in the ring.
Since data travels in only one direction, there is no danger of data collision.
However, if one node fails, the entire network fails.
Suited for token-passing access methods.

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 3) Star Topology Star

All devices connect to a central hub.

The hub receives signals from nodes and routes the signals
Each node has a separate line.
Good speed.
Messages are routed thru hub.
Hub acts as a traffic cop to prevent collisions.
Any failure not affect the overall system.
If the hub fails, the network fails.

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Network Topologies

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Tree

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Key Terms for Data Transmission
Multiplexing: Technique that enables transmission media to
support multiple data channels

Attenuation: How much a signal weakens as it travels through a

medium.

Electromagnetic Interference: Outside electromagnetic noise that

disturbs the signal in a medium.

Bandwidth: Capacity of a medium to transmit data.

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 Transmission Media
Devices must communicate thru some form of media as humans
can communicate thru telephone wires or sound waves in the air.
Computers can communicate thru:
 Cables
 Light
 Radio waves

1) Cable Media
2) Wireless Media
Radio links, Microwave links, satellite links, etc.

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 Cable Media
1. Coaxial Cable

a. Thinnet:
– Inexpensive
– Easy to install
– Tx sig to 185 meters
– Bandwidth 10MBps
– BNC Connectors

b. Thicknet:
– Transmit a signal 500 meters
– More expensive
– Bandwidth 10MBps
– N-connectors

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 Cable Media
2. Twisted-Pair Cable
a. STP:
 Enclosed in a foil
 Cost more than thin coax or UTP
 capacity of 500 Mbps
 Tx sig to100-meter

b.UTP:
Categories 1 and 2: voice/low data rates(below 4 Mbps)
Category 3: Data rates up to 10 Mbps. 4 twisted-pairs
Category 4: 4 twisted-pairs, data rates up to 16 Mbps
Category 5: 4 twisted-pairs, data rates up to 100 Mbps
 Least cost
 Easy to install
 limited to 100 meters
 EMI Sensitive
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 RJ-45 connector
 Cable Media
3. Fiber-Optic Cable

Most expensive
Expensive Equipment
Very Difficult Installation
Data rates 200,000 Mbps
Several kilometers
No EMI

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Optical Fiber Connectors

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7-Layer OSI Model

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7-Layer OSI Model

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7-Layer OSI Model

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7-Layer OSI Model

OSI 23
 Network Devices
Repeater
Signals weaken as they travel over long distance
Repeater amplifies or re-transmits the signal
Operate at Physical layer
A repeater does not filter or interpret anything
It just repeats passing signals
A repeater just passes along bits of data.
Even a corrupt bit is forwarded with errors
The primary purpose of a repeater is to enable the network to expand beyond the
distance limitations of the transmission medium
Repeaters are inexpensive and simple

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 Network Devices
Bridge

Operates at Data Link layer

Connects two sub-networks or segments that are of the same type
A bridge can filter network traffic checking addresses of incoming frames
Builds a routing table that shows which nodes are on each of the segments.
A bridge can perform the same functions a repeater performs
In addition, a bridge can improve performance and reduce network traffic

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 Network Devices
Router
Used to connect two networks
It operates at Network layer
Also constructs a routing table
More sophisticated packet-delivery capabilities than a bridge
Pass packets through a chain of other routers, or even choose the
best route for a packet if several routes exist
Has the ability to know if a part of the route is down or congested
It can pick a different path for the messages
A router contains two ports:
a) Ethernet port: Connected to the Switch.
b) Serial port: Connected to the ISDN Line using RS-232.

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 Network Devices

Gateways
Connect networks using different protocols
Functions at the network layer of the OSI model
Gateway is similar to a bridge in that it connects two networks,
except for two things:
 It connects two networks that are not the same type of networks.
 It’s not actual device, but rather a collection of hardware (PC) and software
that converts information from one protocol to another.

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 Network Devices
Hub
Provide a central connection point for network cabling
Contains multiple ports
When a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to the other ports so that all segments
of the LAN can see all packets.
It often do not filter traffic.
Hubs come in three types:
a) Passive Hubs: Does not amplify the signal
b) Active Hubs: Amplifies the signals
c) Intelligent Hubs:
 Hub management
 Switching hubs:

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 Network Devices
Switches
Switch is a smarter hub
It maintains the network speed
It usually act as traffic filter on data link layer
It is a bridge with a lot of ports
It can have several conversations at the same time
Each port of the switch contains a MAC (Media Access Control) address.
It creates a switching table as follows:

It reads the destination

Port No. address
MAC from
address of port theofpacket
Address NIC and establishes aDifference
temporary connection

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Computer Networks
Summery

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The Internet and Web
Introduction to Internet

Network of Networks with the information super highway

No one knows how large the Internet is, and expanding at
a very high rate
Today it has become major source of information
No one owns the Internet and No one has control over it
ISPs store information on their servers to extend a local
service to customers using telephone or cable lines

History
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Uses of the Internet
Information Search
 Google Search
 Wikipedia
Communication
 Email
 Chatting
 Video conference
Entertainment
 Games
 TV Channels
 Tube Videos
E-Commerce
 Advertisements
 Online shopping

How Internet Works

 What is Web?

The Web (World Wide Web) consist information organized into

Web pages containing text and graphic images.

It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and images

that lead to related information.

A collection of linked Web pages that has a common theme or

focus is called a Web site.

The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web site are
organized around and link back to is called the site’s home page.
 Domain Name System (DNS)
Every computer on the Internet has a domain name and an IP address
The names of the domains describe organizational or geographical realities
Common non-geographical domain types are:
. COM Commercial Organization
. NET Network Organization
. GOV Government Organization
. EDU Educational Organization
. TV Television Channel
. ORG Non-Commercial Organization
The geographically based top-level domains use two letter country designations specified
by International Standard Organization (ISO)
. PK Pakistan
. US United States
. UK United Kingdom
. CN China
 
SITT.SUPARCO.GOV.PK

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 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
URL represents a unique address of an Internet site or file
Standard way of expressing the location of information on the Web
Composed of following parts:

1. Protocol to be used
 http:// Used to deliver WWW hypertext information
 ftp:// Protocol that delivers files
 telnet:// Allows login to another machine

2. Internet site or "server" where the information resides.

http://www.suparco.gov.pk

3. Directory path
http://www.suparco.gov.pk/data

4. File or document
http://www.suparco.gov.pk/data/payslip.htm

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

pathname
protocol

http://www.suparco.gov.pk/data/payslip.htm

filename
Domain name
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol

HTTP is the information exchange protocol used over the World

Wide Web (WWW)

Defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and what

actions web servers and browsers should take in response to
various commands

When you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends a

command to the web server directing it to fetch and transmit the
requested web page

Two other protocols that you can use on the Internet are the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the Telnet Protocol
 Internet Service Provider (ISP)
ISP provides server computer and software to connect to the Internet
ISPs started as a way to get individuals access to the Internet
Now, they do that and much more:
 Connect individuals and businesses to the net;
 design web pages;
 Host Web pages;
 Store web site on a public server;
 Provide email services;
 Register domain names and much more.

Examples:
Cybernet
Wi-tribe
Qubee
Mobilink
 How to access the Web?
Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special software
called a browser to access the Web.
Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers, open and
transfer files, display text and images.
Web browsers are specialized programs.
Examples of Web browser:
Netscape Navigator (Navigator)
Internet Explorer
Opera
Big Picture
Mozilla FireFox
of Internet
Network Traffic

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