OPEN ENDED LAB

PROJECT (MM-205)
INSTRUCTOR: DR.M.SOHAIL HANIF
GROUP MEMBERS:
M.YOUSUF (MM-011)
H.SYEDA KHADIJA FAREEHA (MM-019)
SHANZA IDREES (MM-006)
HAREEM FATIMA (MM-008)
SHAHZAD ALI (BACKLOG AU-17006)
 Respected Sir,
Assalam o Alaikum,
Our journey in completing this project comprises
of many ups and downs, first we started to work
on bending experiment but it got rejected due to
resemblance of structure with other group, then we
started working on tensile test along with another
group but unfortunately that our ways got parted
and that project didn’t see day light. Finally, in
such short span of time we selected hardness
testing as our project. Fabrication of this process is
difficult so we have to demonstrate these hardness
test through videos, I hope you would consider
them and reward our efforts.
 HARDNESS TESTING
 Hardness is a measure of how well a solid material
resists permanent shape change when a compressive
force is applied. Hardness is dependent on many
factors including strength of intermolecular bonds,
ductility, elastic stiffness, plasticity, strain, strength,
toughness, and many more. Following are some of the
hardness testing methods;
 Brinell hardness method
 Rockwell hardness method
 Vickers hardness method etc
 1. BRINELL HARDNESS TEST
 It  is defined as the hardness of a metal or alloy measured by
hydraulically pressing a hard ball under a standard load into
the specimen.
 The Brinell Hardness Test is typically used to evaluate

materials that are too coarse or that have an exterior that is too
rough for other test techniques and it is used in testing
aluminum and copper alloys (at lower forces) and steels and
cast irons at the higher force ranges.
 Brinell Hardness is calculated by factoring the indent size and

the test force , such that:

HB =
where;
P= Load
D= Diameter of the ball intender
d= diameter of the impression
TESTING KIT
In Brinell
hardness
testing, an
optical method ,
the size of the
indentation left
by the indenter
is measured. In
this method a
spherical
indenter is used.
 MECHANISM:
 The Brinell hardness test entails measuring the
diameter of indentation caused by a constant
concentrated force applied by a steel or carbide
spherical indenter on a test specimen. The steel
ball indenter is first placed in contact with the
material before a constant force is applied and
maintained for a 10 to 15 second duration,
known as the dwell time. After the dwell time is
completed, the spherical indenter is removed,
leaving a round-shaped indent on the sample.
2. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST
 The
  Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on
indentation hardness of a material.
 The Rockwell test is generally easier to perform, and more

accurate than other types of hardness testing methods.

 The Rockwell test method is used on all metals, except in
condition where the test metal structure or surface
conditions would introduce too much variations.
 Formula for finding Rockwell hardness is:

HR = N -
Where:
d is the depth (from the zero load point), and N and s are
scale factors that depend on the scale of the test being used
TESTING KIT
The Rockwell hardness
tester utilizes either a
steel ball or a conical
diamond known as a
brale and indicates
hardness by determining
the depth of penetration
of the indenter under a
known load. This depth
is relative to the position
under a minor initial
load; the corresponding
hardness number is
indicated on a dial
 MECHANISM
 The Rockwell hardness test method consists of indenting the test
material with a diamond cone or hardened steel ball indenter.
The indenter is forced into the test material under a preliminary
minor load usually 10 kgf. When equilibrium has been reached,
an indicating device, which follows the movements of the
indenter and so responds to changes indepth of penetration of the
indenter is set to a datum position. While the preliminary
minorload is still applied an additional major load is applied with
resulting increase in penetration. When equilibrium has again
been reach, the additional major load is removed but the
preliminary minor load is still maintained. Removal of the
additional major load allows a partial recovery, so reducing the
depth of penetration. The permanent increase indepth of
penetration, resulting from the application and removal of the
additional major load is used to calculate the Rockwell hardness
number.
 Video demonstration of above
mentioned hardness tests are
shown in next presentation.