SUBMITTED BY:

Muhammad Adnan
REGISTRATION NO:
21MDMLE043
DEPARTMENT
Mechanical Engineering
LAB:
Mechanics of material Lab
LAB REPORT NO:
01
SUBMITTED TO:
Engr. Abdul Hameed
Lab#01
HARDNESS OF MATERIAL

Introduction:
Hardness of a material is generally defined as resistance to the
permanent deformation such as indentation, wear, abrasion and scratch
under static and dynamic load. Hardness is a property of a material by which it
offers resistance to scratch or indentation.

The hardness test is a mechanical test for material properties which are used in
engineering design, analysis of structures and material development. The
hardness test is performed to determine the suitability of a material for a
given application.

There are three type of test through which we find the hardness of material.

1. Rockwell Hardness Test

2. Brinell Hardness Test
3. Vickers Hardness Test

Rockwell Hardness Test:

The Rockwell hardness test is based on the

measurement of the depth to which an indenter is forced by a heavy
(major) load beyond the depth resulting from a previously applied
preliminary (minor) load.
Brinell Hardness Test:
Brinell hardness indicates the ability of a metal
to resist permanent indentation deformation. The hardness shows
the material's resistance to penetration by a spherical indenter
under standardized conditions. Since Brinell hardness is a
mechanical property, it also relates to the material's resistance to
wear as well as plastic or permanent deformation, and the
material's ability to indent or abrade another material.
Experiment # 01:

Objective:
To determine the hardness of different sample using Rockwell method .

Materials and
Equipments:
 Rockwell hardness
testing machine.
 Diamond cone
indenter.
 Specimens (Mild
steel)
Materials and Equipment’s:
 Rockwell hardness testing machine.
 1/16 Ball indenter.
 Specimens (Mild steel)

Procedure:
 Keep the lever position “A” which is unloading position
 Select the indentor of scale B 1/16 Ball and its weight according to
scale is 100kg
 Also select the steel specimen. Place the specimen on the testing
table anvil.
 Turn the hand wheel to raise the testing table anvil until it makes
Contact with indenter and continue turning till the small pointer
Reaches the spot at “4” this is automatic zero setting dial gauge.
 The minor load of 10Kg is apply to a specimen to fix
the position.
 Turn the lever position “A” to “B”, from unloading to loading
Position.
 When the longer pointer of the dial gauge reaches
steady position, take back the lever to the unloading position “A”.

 Note down the reading on the dial indicator by notifying the

(Black needle) large pointer.
 Do same process for scale C and record the data .Only change the
indentor to diamond and its weight should be 150 kg
  The whole operation is shown in figure.1

FIGURE.1

Data:

Material Load (kg) scale Indentor Dial

 diameter Reading
steel 100 B 1/16 76HRB
steel 150 C 84HRC

Conclusion:
 For soft materials, ball (1/16) indenter with B scale is
used applying major load up to 100Kg Which give Rockwell
hardness value of 76HRB. If we increase the load the hardness of
material increase
 For hard materials, diamond cone indenter with C scale is
used applying major load up to 150Kg. which give Rockwell
hardness value of 84HRC. If we increase the load the hardness of
material increase or if we decrease load the softness of material
increase.
Experiment # 02:

Objective:
To determine the hardness of different sample using Brinell method.

Materials and
Equipments:
 Rockwell hardness
testing machine.
 Diamond cone
indenter.
 Specimens (Mild
steel)
Materials and Equipment’s:
 Brinell hardness testing machine.
 Ball 2.5mm Dia
 Specimens ( steel)

Procedure:
 Keep the lever position “A” which is unloading position
 Select the indentor Ball 2.5mm Dia and its weight according to
scale is 187.5kg
 Also select the steel specimen. Place the specimen on the testing
table anvil.
 Turn the hand wheel to raise the testing table anvil until it makes
Contact with indenter and continue turning till the small pointer
Reaches the spot at “4” this is automatic zero setting dial gauge.
 The minor load of 10Kg is apply to a specimen to fix
the position.
 Turn the lever position “A” to “B”, from unloading to loading
Position.
 When the longer pointer of the dial gauge reaches
steady position, take back the lever to the unloading position “A”.

 Note down the reading on the dial indicator by notifying the

(Red needle) small pointer.
 Through Brinell Microscope find out indentation valve which
0.9mm for the indentor of ball having 2.5Dia and 187.5 kg
  Repeat the same process for indentor Ball 5mm Dia and its load is
250 kg. which give indentation of 0.4mm
 The whole operation is shown in figure.2

FIGURE .2

Data:
Material Load(kg) Indentor Indentati HBN=F/ Standard
Dia (D) on dia ,d 0.5Πd(D2- data for
 d2)1/2 HBN
Steel 187.5 2.5 0.9 284.99 76
Aluminum 250 5 0.2 253.03 102

By conversion table the HRA valve is 47.3

Conclusion:
From this experiment we conclude that Brinell hardness number
depend upon the load applied to it .if we increase the load the
hardness will be increase.

Dependence on conversion table:

Material dependent on conversion
table. By using conversion tables to ensure hardness values are being
reported accurately.