Achievement Tests

UJIAN PENCAPAIAN

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 PENGENALAN KEPADA UJIAN PENCAPAIAN

• Merupakan kaedah atau mekanisme yang digunakan sama ada oleh guru atau
pihak tertentu untuk mengukur @ menilai pencapaian pelajar
– Berkaitan dengan objektif pengajaran iaitu APA yang telah diajarkan dlm subjek,
kursus tertentu

• Ujian Pencapaian yang mana ia mengukur darjah kejayaan seseorang dalam

pembelajaran atau kejayaan dalam satu-satu subjek atau tugas.

• Mengukur sejauh mana sesuatu kumpulan murid atau seseorang murid telah
menguasai sesuatu topik yang telah dipelajari
– Berteraskan ujian rujukan norma;
– Mengukur aspek pencapaian akademik, aptitud, siasah, minat, sikap dan
sebagainya
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• Ukur secara khusus sejauh mana pelajar telah kuasai isi sesuatu kursus
yang diajar

• Ujian pencapaian mempersoalkan apa yang pelajar telah belajar?

• Juga merujuk kepada ujian bagi mengukur tingkah laku pengajaran dan
pembelajaran kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor

• Contoh ujian pencapaian : UPSR, PMR, SPM, STPM - uji kebolehan,

kemahiran & penguasaan pelajar dlm bidang pelajaran yg diterima dlm
masa yg ditetapkan

• MUET - melihat kebolehan BI pelajar

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• Digunakan secara meluas dalam penyelidikan pendidikan.

• Mengukur penguasaan dan kecekapan dalam pelbagai bidang pengetahuan

dengan cara mengemukakan satu set soalan yang standard, mengandungi
tugasan mencabar kognitif

• Juga mentaksir sejauhmana pelajar menguasai pelajaran yg diajarkan, ged yg

dicapai, keberkesanan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran, kemajuan
pembelajaran& tentukan sama ada pelajar telah kuasai konsep & kemahiran
asas

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• Ujian pencapaian terbahagi 2 jenis: – Standardized Test – Non-standardized Test

• Standardized Test
– Ujian pencapaian standard adalah ujian yang diterbitkan setelah menjalani
penelitian oleh pakar-pakar dalam bidang tertentu, serta menepati objektif
akademik yang ditetapkan di kebanyakan sistem persekolahan seperti
peperiksaan SPM, PMR, STPM

• Tujuan :
– Establishing a student's present achievement level
– Monitoring students achievement over time
– Identifying student's academic strengths & weaknesses
– Screening students for placement/selection decisions
– Evaluating instructional objectives & programs
– Assisting with diagnosis of learning disabilities
– Evaluating individuals for certifications & licensure 5
• Researcher-Made Test – Ujian pencapaian yang dibina oleh penyelidik atas
tujuan yang tertentu – Soalan hanya meliputi bidang yang hendak dikaji

• Ciri-ciri standardized test dan researcher- made test:

– Norm referenced (Rujukan Norma) - Membolehkan penyelidik

membandingkan pencapaian individu dalam ujian yang diberi dengan
pencapaian individu lain dalam ujian yang sama

– Criterion referenced (Rujukan Kriteria) - Penguasaan individu dalam

sesuatu kemahiran dilihat melalui sejauh mana individu dapat menguasai
tahap- tahap ujian yang diberi

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 Jenis Ujian Pencapaian

• Performance test (Ujian persembahan)

– Teknik di mana penyelidik membuat pemerhatian secara langsung dan
menilai perlakuan individu terhadap sesuatu tugasan, atau menilai hasilan
perlakuan di akhir tugasan

• Paper-and-pencil test (Ujian Kertas-Pensil)

– Subjek dikehendaki menjawab soalan dengan menulis di atas kertas
jawapan.

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• Ujian Pencapaian ada 2 iaitu:
– Ujian Prestasi
• Libatkan aktiviti pemerhatian & merekodkan tingkah laku sasaran secara
rasmi
• Tingkah laku sasaran - terdiri daripada APA yg telah diajarkan tetapi susah
nak ukur melalui ujian bertulis
• Cth: kemahiran lisan, kemahiran berkomunikasi, peggunaan perkakasan
makmal

– Ujian Bertulis
• Gunakan kertas & pencil dan kemudian diklafikasi mengikut format soalan &
respons yg dikehendaki drpd pelajar
• 4 format yg selalu digunakan adalah ujian pencapaian item aneka pilihan,
ujian pencapaian item salah betul, Ujian pencapaian item jawapan
pendek,ujian pencapaian item esei
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 FORMAT UJIAN BERTULIS

Ujian Ujian Ujian

Ujian
pencapaian pencapaian pencapaian
pencapaian
item aneka item salah item jawapan
item esei
pilihan betul pendek

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 ANTARA UJIAN PENCAPAIAN

• Assessing Achievement
• Standardized Achievement Test
– Achievement Test Batteries
– Individual Achievement Test
– Diagnostic Tests
– Subject-area Tests
• Adult Achievement Tests
• Other Types Of Achievement Assessment Instruments

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 Assessing Achievement

• Defined as individual’s knowledge or skills in particular content area in

which he or she has received instructions (AERA et al.1999)

• Instruments that assess achievement are comprised of items that

require test takers to demonstrate some level of knowledge or skill

• Result – show an individual’s academic strengths & weaknesses or any

learning difficulties

• Used to monitor individual achievements & evaluate the effectiveness of

educational & social programs
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• Scores – related to scores on other ability measures such as intelligence test
& aptitude tests

• Achievement test focus more on the present – that is what the individual
knows or can do right now

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 Achievement Test Batteries
 Several small tests, in different subjects to measure individual or group achievement in a variety of
subject areas Survey Test Batteries : Commonly used to determine general standing with respect to
group performance
 The battery is a group of subject area tests, usually containing a fairly limited sample of questions with
in each subject area
 Test batteries usually have lower reliabilities than single subject survey tests bcoz of the limited
question sample of each subject area
 Single Subject Survey Tests : Longer and more detailed than batteries, but only one subject are is
covered by the test. Greater sampling of questions means higher levels of reliability than survey
batteries
 Content areas assessed :
• Total reading
• Total Mathematics
• Science
• Language
• Spelling
• Listerning
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 Individual Achievement Test
• Individualized achievement tests - useful for assessing a student's academic abilities

• Similar to achievement test batteries, individual achievement test cove several broad academic
areas eg: reading. math & written language - NO one content area is assessed in depth

• Identifying general weak subjects areas of relative weakness for individuals; once a weakness
is identified a diagnostic test may be used to identify the specific skill deficit or learning problem

• They are designed to measure both pre-academic and academic behavior—from the ability to
match pictures and letters, to more advanced literacy and mathematical skills

• Helpful in assessing needs, monitoring a student’s progress, diagnosing a student with a

learning disability or identifying benchmarks on a student’s Individualized Education Program,
which the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act requires special needs students to have
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• A team made up of teachers, parents and others develop the program and update it
periodically to meet students’ needs as they grow

• Examples of Individual Achievement Tests :

– Wide Range Achievement Test, Fourth Edition - test for basic academic skills for
individuals age 5-74 years, 11 month. 30 min to complete. screening test to
determine if more comprehensive achievement test is needed. Measures Word
Reading, Sentence Comprehension, Spelling, Math Computation & Reading
Composite

– Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement - age 2-95++ years, measure

intellectual abilities & academic achievement

• Advantage: examiners are able to meet & establish rapport with examinees & abserve
them more closely - examiner gain more insight into the source of learning problems
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 Diagnostic Tests
• To Identify an individual's academic strengths or weakness and then to design an
educational program or intervention to meet this person's needs

• Specific content area mastery of skills in an area more detailed / narrow focus on
one skill @ knowledge area

• Allows for the identification of specific strengths and weaknesses within a subject
area by subdividing the subject area into the underlying components

• Contain a large number & variety of test items & take longer to administer

• Diagnostic tests are common in the areas of reading, mathematics, spelling, and
foreign languages are most common 16
• Also used to identifying & diagnosing learning disabilities

• In education, diagnosing learning disabilities in students who show signs of

difficulties involves a process of monitoring their progress through a series of
increasingly intensive, individualized instructional or behavioral interventions

• Tests examples: KeyMath-3 Diagnostic Assessment AND Peabody Picture

Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition

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 Subject-area Tests

• Designed by teachers usually to assess skills in specific subjects

• Measure content-area knowledge in specific academic or vocational subjects
areas

• Usually have more items than an achivement battery's subtests, providing a

better sample of performance & more reliable scores on specific subject areas

• Measure individual's knowledge & skills in paticular area, predict how well an
individual will perform in the future

• Example : students take particular subject-area test fo admission into

competitive programs 18
 Adult Achievement Tests

• Most achievement test batteries are developed for use with children, some
are signed for adult

• Adult achievement test are often used in adult basic education programs &
literacy setting

• Test example: General Educational Development Tests (GED)

• Comprised of 5 tests - writing, reading, social studies, science & math

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 Other Types Of Achievement Assessment Instruments

• Criterion-Referenced Tests and Minimum-Level Skills Test

– Design with specific objective & skills to determine if a certain academic standard is met

• State Achievement Tests

– used in state-wide assessment programs to measure academic achievement across multiple
grade levels in elementary, middle & high school
– determine if students meet minimum standards for promotion from grade to grade

• Curriculum-Based Assessment and Curriculum-Based Measurement

• Performance Assessment

• Portfolio Assessment - used in educational settings as mean for examining & measuring
students' progress 20
 Factors Affecting Students Achievement
• Rigor of the curriculum - the extent to which students
take challenging, higher-level academic courses
affects achievement test scores
In-school • Teacher Knowledge and Skills
• Teacher Experience and Attendance
factors • Class Size
• Technology
• School Safety

• Low birth weight

• Lead Poisoning
Out-of-school • Reading to Young Children
factors •
•
Amount of TV Watching
Parental Involvement
• Student Mobility
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