Motivation For Leisure Tourism: It's Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Chapter 2
Motivation for Leisure

Tourism
It’s Tourism: Concepts and Practices Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
John Walker publishing as Pearson [imprint]
Objectives
• After reading and studying this
chapter, you should be able to:
– Discuss tourists’ motivation for leisure
travel and tourism
– Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of human
needs and Epperson’s push-pull model
– Discuss Pearce’s leisure ladder model
and Plog’s psychographic model
Objectives (cont’d.)
– Discuss the role and importance of the
National Park System
– Outline different groups of sports tourists
as well as the major sporting events
– Describe the typical adventure traveler
– Name the most common destinations for
religious travel
– Discuss the fundamentals of health care
tourism
Motivation for Leisure Travel
• In recent years, there has been a
dramatic increase in leisure travel
– Indications are that this is likely to
continue
• Motivations for pleasure travel
– Internal forces, external forces, and
incentives that guide, direct and
integrate a person’s behavior, for future
personal satisfaction
Leisure Travel (cont’d.)
• Iso-Ahola: motivational forces
– Desire to leave the everyday
environment behind
– Desire to obtain psychological or
intrinsic rewards through travel in a
contrasting environment
Figure 2–1 • Leisure Tourism Categories
• Main factors that motivate tourists:
– Personality
– Lifestyle
– Past experience and past life
– Perceptions
– Image
– Personal circumstances (e.g., having a
child, change in health)
• Travel motivators
– Leisure trips account for 75% of
Americans’ domestic travel
• Business trips account for 25%
– Of which, 9% combine the two
– John Swarbrooke and Susan Horner
• Types of motivating factors
– Those that motivate a person to take a vacation
– Those that motivate a person to take a particular
vacation to a specific destination at a particular
time
Figure 2–2 • A Typology of Motivators in Tourism

Source: John Swarbrooke and Susan Horner, Consumer Behavior in Tourism
(Oxford, England: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005). With permission of
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann.
Motivation, Needs, Expectations
• Juergen Gnoth
– Tourism is a response to felt needs and
acquired values within temporal, spatial,
social, and economic parameters
• Once needs are met, generated motivation
constitutes a major parameter in
expectations
– Expectations determine perceptions of
performance of products and services as well as
experiences
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Need satisfaction motivates human
behavior
– There are five levels of basic needs (see
next slide)
– As each need is satisfied, a person
moves up to the next level
Maslow’s Hierarchy (cont’d.)
Figure 2–3 • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The Push-Pull Model
• People travel because they are:
– “Pushed” into making travel decisions by
internal, psychological forces
• Intangible desires to travel generated from
within
– “Pulled” by external forces of the
destination’s attributes
• Attractions such as Disneyland or Sea World
The Push-Pull Model (cont’d.)
Figure 2–4 • Push-Pull Model
Other Theories
• Pierce: leisure ladder model
– Attempts to explain individual behaviors
on the basis of stages in a tourist’s life
cycle
• Tourists move through a hierarchy
– Similar to Maslow’s hierarchy
• Stanley Plog: bell shaped curve
– Classifies U.S. population along a
psychographic continuum
• Most fall into a large bell-shaped curve
Other Theories (cont’d.)
Figure 2–5 • Psychocentric and Allocentric Destinations
Source: Adapted from Stanley Plog, “Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in
Popularity” (paper presented to the Southern California Chapter of the
Travel Research Association, October 10, 1972), as cited in Edward Mayo and
Lance Jarvis, The Psychology of Leisure Travel (Boston: CBI Publishing
Company, 1981), 118.
Other Theories (cont’d.)
• Card and Kestel
– Motivation categories: curiosity, social
interaction, and rejuvenation
• Motivation is only one of many variables
• Travel decisions are the result of several
motives, or multimotives
Travel Values
• Several factors influence:
– Why people travel
– Where and when they go
• For most people, value for money and
time is a major influence
– Cost of transportation
– Time it takes to get there
Travel Values (cont’d.)
• Factors that bring down tourist prices:
– Nation devalues currency
– Political situation becomes unstable
• Examples:
– Attempted coup Thailand
– Mexican government’s sudden
devaluation of the peso
• 2003: UNWTO reported a 2%
decrease in worldwide tourism
receipts
– September 11, 2001
– U.S. terrorist attacks
– Asian SARS
– Bali bombing
– Iraq and Afghanistan wars
– Global economic recession
• Governments can encourage leisure
tourism by creating travel bargains
– Place ceilings on room and meal prices
– Set artificially high or low rates of
exchange for foreign currencies
• The traveler not restricted by time will
be most likely to find the best travel
values
The Professional Traveler
• A large percent are:
– School teachers, college professors,
students, and retirees
• Professional travelers are:
– Forever planning the next trip
– Recounting the last one
– Recouping their energies and fortunes
Travel for Natural Beauty
• Accelerated with Romantic Movement
of the 1800s
– New appreciation for beauties of nature
• Idea of preserving lands became
popular after the Civil War
– 1872: Yellowstone was established as a
national park
• Today, there are 54 national parks attracting
over 438 million people a year
Natural Beauty (cont’d.)
• Camping
– Sometimes overlooked as part of the
travel and tourism industry
• Campers travel millions of miles a year in
the U.S., Canada, and Europe
• Statistics in dollars and numbers of campers
show that camping is an enormous business
– Vast expenditures for RVs and camping
equipment
Parks
• State parks
– Cuts in state general funding are forcing
many to look for alternative income
• Increasing user fees
• Flexible pricing
• Central reservation systems
• Allowing bids on commercial use permits
and concessions
– Examples: Ohio and New Hampshire
Parks (cont’d.)
• National parks
– U.S. National Park Service
• Founded by Congress in 1916 to conserve
scenery, wildlife, and natural and historic
resources as well as provide for their use by
the public
• 384 areas covering more than 83 million
acres
• Cannot be neatly categorized because of
their diversity of resources
Parks (cont’d.)
• Great Smoky Mountains National Park
– America’s most visited national park
• Highest peaks in Appalachian Mountain range
– History:
• Believed to have formed over 1 billion years ago
• 1000 BC: Cherokee Indians took up residence
• 1540: Spanish conquistadors arrived
• 200 years later: Old World immigrants began to settle
Parks (cont’d.)
• 1838: over 13,000 Cherokee were forced to
leave their native lands
• 1900: logging concerns discovered the
Smoky Mountains
• 1926: President Coolidge established a
national park in the Smoky Mountains
– Farmers did not want to leave their land
• Great Smoky Mountains National Park was
officially established on June 15, 1934
Parks (cont’d.)
• Yosemite National Park
– Formed more than 500 million years ago
• Many geographical changes have taken
place
– Populated by Native Americans for
8,000 years
• Area became flooded with gold seekers in
the 1850s, causing numerous conflicts
– Others soon followed
• Yosemite National Park was established
October 1, 1890
Parks (cont’d.)
• Yellowstone National Park
– Developed in 1872
• First and oldest national park in the world
– One of the most successful wildlife
reserves in the country
• Better known for geyser eruptions of Old
Faithful
– Ninety-nine percent of the park’s 3,400
square miles remains undeveloped
Travel for Sports
• Includes traveling to attend spectator
sports and/or participate in sporting
activities
– Olympics and World cup
– Australian, French, and U.S. Open, and
Wimbledon
– Superbowl, World Series, and the
Masters
– NASCAR
Travel for Sports (cont’d.)
• Also includes local-level games and
competitions
– Positive effects on local economy
• Concept of health through physical
activities has sparked renewed
interest
• Tremendous economic impact
– Every year, two out of five U.S. adults
travel for sports
Adventure Travel
• Includes (but not limited to):
– Off-road bike tours
– White water rafting
– African safaris and wildlife tours
– Rainforest canopy tours
– Bungee jumping
Adventure Travel (cont’d.)
• Segment is growing at a fast pace
– ½ U.S. adults (i.e., 98 million people),
took an adventure trip in the last few
years
• 31 million adults engaged in hard adventure
activities
• Adventure travelers are more likely to be
young, single, and employed
Religious Travel
• Often referred to as pilgrimage
– Practiced for hundreds of years
– Still fairly common today
• Broken down into two categories:
– Satisfying one’s religious convictions
– Fulfilling one’s curiosity about a
particular faith or practice
Religious Travel (cont’d.)
• Thousands of sites (e.g., holy lands,
churches, temples, and mosques)
– Attract millions of tourists each year
– Some examples include:
• Mountains of Buddhism pay homage to
Buddha
• Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the Hajj, is the
peak of their religious life
• Catholic Vatican is a holy land of sorts
– Catholics travel to where the Pope visits
Medical and Health Tourism
• Goodrich and Goodrich define health
tourism as:
– Attempts of tourist facilities to attract
tourists by promoting health care
services and features in addition to
regular tourist amenities
Health Tourism (cont’d.)
• Health care services may include:
– Hydrotherapy treatments
– Beauty treatments
– Relaxation techniques
– Cellulite treatment
– Medical examinations
– Operations of all kinds
Health Tourism (cont’d.)
– Special exercise, diet, and nutritional
advice
– Medical treatments for specific diseases
such as arthritis
– Alternative therapies
– Body massages
Trends
• Tourism facing immense growth
– A new form of tourism is emerging as
well:
• More sustainable, environmentally and
socially responsible, and characterized by
flexibility and choice
– A new type of consumer is driving it:
• More educated, experienced, independent,
conservation-minded, respectful of cultures,
and insistent on value for money

Motivation For Leisure Tourism: It's Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Motivation For Leisure Tourism: It's Tourism: Concepts and Practices

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2

Motivation for Leisure

Figure 2–2 • A Typology of Motivators in Tourism

You might also like