HM 4 Preliminary Coverage Lessons

Lesson 1 UNDERSTANDING TOURISM

Tourism according to (WTO) World Tourism Organization
➢ Defined as the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for
not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes.
Importance of Tourism in the Philippines
➢ It is powerful and efficient industry.
➢ Its impact on social development is broad and deep.
➢ It creates strong peripheral benefits.
➢ Philippines and compete and win.
➢ It helps maintains cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life
support systems.
World Trade Center
➢ It is the tower that hit by the Hijacked 9/11 Plane by the militant Islamist extremist network al-Qaeda
against the United States on September 11, 2001.
Tourism
➢ It promotes a ‘culture of tourism’ through a safer and cleaner environment that benefits not only tourists
but also the entire community.
➢ It impacts on Social Development broad and deep; it promotes skills and vocational development that
can be exported.
➢ The Philippines can compete and win in developing its tourism sector

COMPONENTS AND ELEMENTS OF TOURISM

Attraction Sector
➢ Nature provided or built resources used for tourism product development.
Three (3) main types of attractions:
Natural Attractions
➢ Are nature provided public utilities like oceans, lakes, mountains, beaches, climate, wildlife, rivers, etc.
Cultural Attractions
➢ Secondary elements of attractions comprising the way of life of indigenous community
➢ Include rural village, architecture, art, beliefs, handicraft, religion, language, etc.
Special Attractions
➢ Tertiary element of attraction consisting of built environment by man (museums, aquariums, theme parks,
casinos, zoos, etc.)
Transportation Sector
➢ modes and means of transport and travel infrastructure.
➢ links TGR and TDR
Traveler Generating Region (TGR)
➢ Places where trips begin.
Tourist Destination Region (TDR)
➢ Places where a person chooses to stay.
Basic Element of Leiper’s Tourism System
➢ The Tourists
➢ The geographical features
➢ The Tourism Industry

Hospitality Sector
➢ Comprise of accommodation organization, catering organization and attitudes of community towards
tourists and tourism business

SUB-SECTORS
➢ Lodging
o hotels, apartments, villas, resorts, inns, log cabins, etc.
➢ Food Service
o fast food operators, restaurants, etc.
➢ Entertainment
o offer live or recorded music, clubs, etc.
Organization Sector
➢ Comprise of all the operations within the tourism distribution system who determine the movement of
travel packages from manufactures to tourist.
➢ Include tour operators and tour agencies that are connected to principals and consumers and support
networks.
Tourism Infrastructure
➢ Include built environment like statues, railways, theme parks, etc.
➢ Collectively determine the state of visitors
➢ They are tertiary elements of attraction which can be considered special attractions because they
facilitate satisfaction from cultural and natural resources.
Destination Services
➢ Are service that tourists consume throughout destination life cycle.
➢ Travel information, insurance, entertainment, transport, accommodation, etc.

Stages of Tourism Consumption

➢ Pre-visit
➢ Transit
➢ Stay at the Destination
➢ Departure
Leiper’s Tourism System (1979)
➢ the system involving the discretionary travel and temporary stay of persons away from their usual place
of residence for one or more nights, excepting tours made for the primary purpose of earning
remuneration from points en route.

FORMS OF TOURISM
Mass Tourism
➢ Improvements in transport technology that allowed the transport to carry large numbers of people.
Alternative Tourism
➢ Gives emphasis to the contact and understanding between the hosts and the tourists and this is non-
traditional.
Classification of Tourism on the Basis of Purpose of Tourism
➢ Cultural Tourism
➢ Heritage Tourism
➢ Historical Tourism
➢ Health Tourism
➢ Medical Tourism
➢ Religious Tourism
➢ Educational Tourism
➢ Rural Tourism
➢ Agricultural Tourism
➢ Farm Tourism
➢ Political Tourism
➢ Holiday Tourism
➢ Wilderness Tourism
Classification of Tourism based on Region of Tourism
➢ Domestic Tourism
➢ Foreign Tourism
Classification of Tourism based on Number of Tourists
➢ Individual Tourism
➢ Mass Tourism
Classification of Tourism based on Duration of Tourism
➢ Short-term Tourism
➢ Long-term Tourism
Classification of Tourism based on Season.
➢ Winter Season Tourism
➢ Summer Season Tourism
➢ Rainy Season Tourism
Classification of Tourism based on Attraction.
➢ Mountain Tourism
➢ Space Tourism
➢ Adventure Tourism
 ➢ Sports Tourism
➢ Dark Tourism
Classification of Tourism based on Approach of Tourism
➢ Eco Tourism
o Encompasses all forms of tourism in which the main motivation of the tourists is the observation
of nature.

➢ Sustainable Tourism
o Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental
impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.

Lesson 2 Tourist Motivation

Travel motivation
➢ is the inner state of a person, or certain needs and wants of the tourists that can be considered as one
of the most important psychological influences of tourist behavior.
Factors of Motivations
Internal (Intrinsic) Factors of Motivation
➢ Attitudes of Tourist
➢ Tourist’s Perception
➢ Values or Beliefs
➢ Personality of the Tourist
External Factors of Motivation
➢ Extrinsic Motivation
➢ Place of Origin
➢ Family and Age
➢ Culture or Social Class
➢ Market
Understanding the motivating factors
➢ Marketers can market tourism services and destinations well and lead to travel decision and consumption
behavior.
The Tourist as a Consumer
➢ A professional understanding of the consumer is at the core of the successful business practice in the
tourism industry.

THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES OF TOURIST MOTIVATION

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
➢ Physiological
o breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion.
➢ Safety
 o security of body, employment, resources, morality, of the family, health, property
➢ Love/Belonging
o friendship, family, sexual intimacy.
➢ Esteem
o self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
➢ Self-actualization
o morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.
Abraham Maslow
➢ Humanistic psychologist
➢ Developed a theory in psychology named the hierarchy of needs in 1943.
Pearse’s Leisure Ladder Model
➢ Relaxation/Bodily Needs
o taking care of the physical self; also, relaxing and enjoying a break from work.
➢ Stimulation
o wanting to have fun and new experiences; to be safe, but not bored.
➢ Relationship
o making friends; having strong bonds with partners and family; having good times together.
➢ Self Esteem
o feeling competent by developing new skills and knowledge; caring about other’s opinions.
➢ Fulfillment
o feeling peaceful, happy, spiritual, and fully present in the movement.
Plog Psychocentric – Allocentric
➢ Explains travelers’ personalities, not motives.
➢ Innovators
o seek adventure, thrills, new discoveries.
➢ Traditionalist
o seek familiarity, comfort, and safety.
Psychocentric
➢ Derived from “psyche” or ‘self-centered.’
➢ Center thoughts or concerns on the small problems areas of life.
➢ Tend to be conservative in their travel patterns.
➢ This type of tourists is labeled as repeaters.
Allocentric
➢ ‘allo’ mean ‘varied in form.’
➢ Are adventurous and motivated to travel or discover new destinations.
➢ Rarely return to the same place
➢ These tourists are labeled as wanderers.
Leisure Ladder
➢ Travelers ascend as they get older and more experienced.
➢ One motive at a time tends to be dominant.
➢ Lower-level motives have to be satisfied before higher level steps on the ladder company.
What is buying process?
➢ It is a series of steps that a consumer will take to make a purchasing decision.
TOURISM MARKET SEGMENTATION
There are reasons why market is segmented:
➢ Travel market is too large to reach efficiently.
➢ Travel market is too diverse to communicate with
➢ We break up the whole market into smaller segments which are more easily to manage.

Tourism Motivation and Segmentation

Segmentation by purpose of travel
➢ The purpose of the trip is used to divide group of tourists.
➢ For business or leisure or visiting friends and relatives
Psychographic Segmentation
➢ Based on lifestyle factors or activities, interests, attitudes, and opinions
Behaviorist Segmentation
➢ A multifaceted segmentation and aims to group consumers according to their relationship with the
product.

Criteria Commonly Used for Dividing Market into Segments

Geographic Segmentation
➢ To group potential tourism customers based on their location.
➢ Simplest basis for market segmentation
➢ Includes nation, regions, cities, states, etc.
Demographic Segmentation
➢ To group the consumer according to variables that define them in objective, easily measurable way
➢ Includes classifications such as age, gender, income, educational level, occupation, etc.
Psychographic Segmentation
➢ Grouping with people on how they live, their priorities, their opinions, attitudes, and interests.
➢ Has been used by cruise lines and resorts to target individual with similar hobbies.
Socio-cultural Segmentation
➢ To group the consumers by using such variables as religion, social class, family lifestyle (single/married)

Lesson 3 Transportation and Aviation

Transportation
➢ Has been an integral part of the tourism industry it linked tourists with various tourist attractions
➢ it is the main mean to carry passengers that is the tourist to the actual site where tourism service are
performed.
➢ It is derived from the Latin word trans means across portare to carry.
Negative Effects of Transportation
➢ Congestion
➢ Safety and Security
➢ Environment
➢ Seasonality

Tourism VS Aviation
Tourism Industry
➢ Refers to an industry that deals with the people those who travel from their own place to other in order to
visit.
Aviation Industry
➢ Segment of travel industry that deals with air transportation from one destination to another destination.

Conceptualizing Transport and Tourism

➢ Transport for Tourism and Transport as Tourism
➢ Land Based Transportation
➢ Air Transport
➢ Sea Based Transport

Aviation Support Industries

Civil Aviation
➢ The industry that files the public from place to place
Military Aviation
➢ Aircraft flown by a nation’s air force and other branches in the military.

Air Service and Routes

Scheduled Service
➢ Is an air transportation that operates regularly at set advertised times no matter how many people are
booked on the flight.
Chartered Service
➢ flown by charter airlines usually sell seats to tour operators the occasional nature of their flights they are
not usually advertised and sold the way scheduled flights.
Privately-owned jets
➢ in some cases, business travelers usually senior executive flight on corporate jet at their company owns.
Fractional Ownership
➢ The plane has multiple owners who have set an amount of flight hours they can use.
Flight Types and Routes
Non-stop Flight
➢ Traveler goes from point A to point B on the same aircraft with no stop in between.
Direct Flight
➢ Traveler goes from point A to point B on the same aircraft, but the aircraft stopped on airport in between
the flight was still have one flight number.
Connecting Flight
➢ Traveler to get to his destination must change plane once twice or even more time, each flight will have
different flight.

Classification of Airlines
Major/Full-Service Carriers
➢ Servicing both the domestic and international including long flight usually offers several classes of
service.
Examples are:
o Jet Airways
o Air India
o Vistara
Regional Carriers
➢ Also known as feeder airline because their flight feed passenger from small cities into big city airport and
help fill the large plane of the major airlines
Low-Cost Carriers (LCC’s)
➢ Emerge after the liberalization of Civil Aviation in North America and Europe in 1970s
➢ cheap point to point service without any “frills”
➢ the offer basic services
➢ the passenger has an option to pay for extras such as food on board or entertainment.
Examples are:
o Air Asia
o Go Air
o Cebu Pacific
o Spice Jet
o IndiGo
Types Of Aircraft
Engine Type
➢ Turboprops (propeller driven by Jet Engine) or Conventional Turbine Jet Engine
o Seating capacity between 19 to 70 seats
o Short range
o Less carrying capacity
o Less runway requirements
o Commonly cruise at just above 500 km/hr
➢ JET ENGINE
o Seating capacity between 40 – 855 (Airbus A380 – 800)
o Larger aircrafts are for long – haul flights.

Purpose/Mission
Short Haul
➢ 750 miles in up to three hours flying time.
Medium Haul
➢ 751 to 2500 miles and 3 to 6 hours flying time.
Long Haul
➢ over 2500 miles in 6 to 13 hours flying time
Ultra-long Haul
➢ 14 hours and above

Types of Aircraft Body Width

➢ Wide-body aircraft
o More than one aisle
➢ Narrow-body aircraft
o Only one aisle

Classes of Service
First Class
➢ It is the compartment of the front of the plane it usually features among the things.
o Wider seats
o Greater pitch
o More recline.
o More elaborate meals
o Complimentary alcoholic beverages and free movies
Business Class
➢ Represents a kind of service that almost as good that found in the first class.
Economy Class
➢ The more standard level of service
 ➢ Also known as coach class
➢ It features.
o Narrower seats
o Lest pitch and recline
o Sample meals and snacks or even no food service at all except soft drinks.

Railways, Motorcycles and Car Rentals

Foreign Rail Services
➢ This type of transportation is considered the oldest one and most of them are operated by the
government.
Motor Coach
➢ Commonly known as the bus and has played a major roles in the world. It is also the least expensive
form of public transportation.
➢
Types of Train Services
➢ Long Distance Train Services
➢ High – Speed Train Services
➢ Inter – city Train Services
➢ Branch Line Trains
➢ Commuter Trains
➢ Mass Transit System for Large City

Waterborne Transport
➢ may include cruise travel, boat travel, yachting, ferry travel etc.
➢ The cruise travel has a special place in tourism.
Trend and Issues in Transportation
➢ Fuel Cost
➢ Labor
➢ Weather
Environmental Impacts of Transportation
➢ Air Impacts
➢ Rail Impacts
➢ Cruise Impacts
➢ Land Impacts