THE TOURISM

MODEL
BY: LOVELLA V. CARILLO
 THEORIES ON
TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
 Christaller’s Theory
He explained how tourist develops over time. He
mentioned that once a destination developed and changed,
different types of tourists will arrive on that place and as
time goes by, the experience of the tourists will change.
There will be impacts and involvement on the destinations
and after all these things, there will be new cycles
involving new destinations.
 Processes of continuous development
according to Christaller’s Theory
◦ Destinations develop and change overtime.
◦ There are different types of visitors at different times.
◦ The tourist experience changes over time.
◦ The impacts of destinations change over time
◦ The involvement of locals in tourism destinations change overtime
◦ New cycles involving new tourist destinations will occur
 Stanley Plog Theory

The popularity of a destination is related to the inherent

personalities of travelers. Travelers can be classified
based on their personalities as psychocentrics,
allocentrics, and the mid-centrics.
◦ Psychocentrics: like to visit familiar environment and culture. They prefer safe
destinations. they do not like to experiment with accommodations, food or
entertainment; they seek experiences that will not create personal stress or be involve
in any unusual situations.
◦ Allocentrics: have a strong need for new and varied experiences. they seek
destinations that are unfamiliar and with totally different culture and environments;
they prefer to stay in native lodgings and try new food and entertainment.
◦ Mid-centrics: these are the majority of the tourists or the mass market; their
personalities are located between the personalities of the psychocentrics and the
allocentrics. They are not adventurous but they are not afraid to try new experiences as
long as these are not too challenging. Popular destinations nowadays are visited by
mid-centrics.
 Major Implications of Plog’s Theory

◦ Tourist destinations are attractive to different types of tourists as

the areas evolve
◦ It indicates that the majority of tourists prefer to travel short
distances to take holidays
◦ It suggests that destinations, particularly in developed countries,
near the major population areas are likely to be developed and
grow more quickly than those in far remote areas
 COHEN’S THEORY
◦ In 1972, he developed a theory which is related to the behavior of tourists and classified the
typology into four namely:
1. Organized Mass Tourists: travel in groups; buy a packaged tour which is arranged in advance by
travel agents or tour operators.
2. Individual Mass Tourists: each member of the group has a certain degree of control over his time
and itinerary and is not bound to a group. He makes his individual decision about his activities.
3. Explorers: such tourists arrange their own trip. They associate with the local residents and try to
speak the local language, but they do not completely adopt the lifestyle of the host community or
country.
4. Drifters: they avoid contact with other tourists. They stay with the locals and share their food,
shelter, and habits. They are almost totally immersed in the host culture. They retain only the
most basic of their native customs. They do not consider themselves as tourists
 DOXEY’S IRRIDEX THEORY
This theory suggests that overtime, as the locals become more hostile to visitors, the number of visitors will not
continue to grow at the same previous rate and may eventually decline
BUTLER’S THEORY
A theory built on the ideas of Christaller, Plog, Cohen and Doxey. It appeared in
1980 in which he not only acknowledged that this theory was based on earlier
theories but he also indicated that it was based on the business concept of the
product life cycle. The product life cycle is a theory in which sales of the new
product grow slowly and then experience a period of rapid growth before
stabilizing and then declining. When applied to tourist destinations, the model
suggests that resorts develop and change over time and that there are certain
stages namely: exploration, involvement, development, and consolidation. During
these stages the destination has an increasing number of tourists. After the
consolidation stage, the destination could stagnate; it could decline or it could
rejuvenate.
The Six Stages of Tourist Area Evolution by based on
Butler’s Theory
1. The Exploration Stage

➢ Small numbers of tourists

➢ Based on primary tourist attractions. These maybe natural or cultural.

➢ No secondary tourism attractions.

➢ Tourism has no economic or social significance to local residents.

2. The Involvement Stage

➢ Local residents become involved in tourism

➢ Emergence of secondary tourism facilities such as guest houses.

➢ A tourism season may develop.

➢ Pressure develops for governments to improve transport for tourists.

3. The Development Stage

➢ High numbers of tourists that may exceed the local population during peak periods.

➢ Heavy advertising will create a well-defined tourist market.

➢ Local involvement and control of tourism declines rapidly.

➢ External organizations will provide secondary tourism attractions.

➢ Natural and cultural attractions will be developed and marketed.

➢ Local people experience physical changes to the area that they may not approve of

4. The Consolidation Stage

➢ Tourism growth slows but the numbers of tourists exceeds the local population.
➢ The area's economy is tied to tourism

➢ Marketing and advertising will be wide-reaching.

➢ Major franchises and tourism chains will be represented.

➢ Resort areas will have a well-defined recreational business district.
➢ Tourism arouses opposition and discontent from some local people.
5. The Stagnation Stage "Tourism Carrying Capacity" is
➢ Visitor numbers have reached their peak. defined by the World Tourism
Organization as “The maximum
➢ Carrying capacity has been reached or exceeded. number of people that may visit a
➢ Tourism causes environmental, social and economic problems. tourist destination at the same time,
without causing destruction of the
➢ The resort becomes divorced from its geographic environment. physical, economic, socio-cultural
➢ Artificial tourism attractions now supersede the original primary attractions. environment and an unacceptable
decrease in the quality of visitors'
➢ Area has well-established image but will no longer be fashionable. satisfaction”.

6. Stage 6: The Decline Scenario

➢ Unable to compete with newer tourism attractions

➢ Holidaymakers replaced by weekend or day-trippers.

➢ Tourism facilities replaced by non-tourism activities.

➢ Hotels may become retirement homes or flats for local residents.

➢ Ultimately, the area may become a tourism slum or drop out of the tourism market completely.
6. Stage 6. The Rejuvenation Scenario
➢Requires a major change in tourism attractions.
➢Previously untapped tourism resources maybe found.
The Final Stage of the Butler Model
After reaching stagnation, Butler saw that rejuvenation or decline as possible alternatives. The last stage
of his model offers five scenarios between complete rejuvenation and total decline:

A: Successful redevelopment leads to renewed growth.

B: Minor modifications to capacity levels lead to modest growth in tourism.
C: Tourism is stabilized by cutting capacity levels.
D: Continued overuse of resources and lack of investment leads to decline.
E: War, disease or other catastrophe causes an immediate collapse in tourism.
SUMMARY OF THE
THEORIES
THANK YOU