MACRO PERSPECTIVE OF

TOURISM AND
HOSPITALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

● PRESENT RELEVANT INFORMATION

● PRACTICE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTHY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
● PRACTICE ENTREPRENEURAL SKILLS IN THE
WORKPLACE
● DEVELOP AND UPDATE INDUSTRY KNOWLEDGE
● OBSERVE WORKPLACE HYGIENE PROCEDURES
What is Macro?
In large scale or in general.

● Wide knowledge about a certain

topic.
 What is Hospitality?
is the relationship between a guest and a host,
wherein the host receives the guest with some
amount of goodwill, including the reception and
entertainment of guests, visitors, or strangers.

An act to provide service out of good will

 What is Hospitality Industry?
is a broad category of fields within the service industry that
includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, and
travel and tourism. It includes hotels, tourism agencies,
restaurants and bars.
DEFINITION OF TOURISM

is a temporary short-term movement of people to destinations outside

the places where they normally live and work.

It has two essential elements:

1. Dynamic Element (Journey or Trip)

2. Static Element (Stay/Accommodation)
DEFINITION OF VISITOR

is defined as any person visiting a country other than of earning

money.
 TWO TYPES OF VISITORS:

TOURIST- temporary visitors staying at least

24 hours.

Whose purpose are classified as MICE.

What is MICE?

● MEETINGS- refers to any kind of occasion where multiple people come together
with a particular interest in mind/ uncommon, often for business.
● INCENTIVES- is a result of organizations rewarding their employees for meeting or
exceeding on goals set. They are therefore rewarded with a stay at a hotel to
incentivize further work.
● CONVENTIONS- are similar to meetings as they also have a common interest, topic
or reason for exchange. Though conferences are generally larger and often are spread
over multiple days.
● EXHIBITIONS- refers to any planned public or social occasion. Examples of such
are range from Weddings, Company Parties, Graduation Celebrations etc.
EXCURSIONISTS- Temporary visitor staying less than 24 hour
including cruise travelers.
 ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
● DISTANCE- the difference between local travel or travelling within a person’s home.
● LENGTH OF STAY AT DESTINATION- number of days in a particular destination.
● RESIDENCE OF TRAVEL- place of origin
ex. MNL-LAX
● PURPOSE OF TRAVEL-
1. VISITING FRIENDS AND RELATIVES
2. MICE
3. OUTDOOR RECREATION- FISHING, HUNTING, CAMPING,
4. ENTERTAINMENT
5. BUSINESS
WHAT IS A TOURIST PRODUCT?

● IT CONSIST OF WHAT THE TOURIST BUYS.

● IT IS A SERVICE.
EXAMPLE OF TOURISM PRODUCTS:

LODGING/ACCOMMODATION: HOTEL, APARTELLE, MOTEL, RESORT HOTEL, BED

AND BREAKFAST, ETC.
FOOD: RESTAURANTS, FAST FOOD, CAFÉ, BUFFET, BARS, PASALUBONG, ETC.
DESTINATION OR ATTRACTION: NATURE, CULTURAL/ EDUCATIONAL, MAN-MADE
ATTRACTIONS, ETC.
TRANSPORTATION: CAR, VAN, AIRPLANE, CRUISE, BOAT, SHIP, ETC.
ACTIVITIES: SCUBA DIVING, SPELUNKING, ISLAND HOPPING, FISHING, HUNTING,
HIKING, ETC.
TOUR PACKAGE: TRAVEL AGENCY, TOUR OPERATORS, TRAVEL AGENT
SOUVENIRS: FOOD, KEY CHAIN, REF MAGNET, BAGS, SOUVENIR SHIRTS, ETC.
INSURANCE: SUN LIFE, PHILAM LIFE, ETC.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEEN TOUR OPERATOR AND
TRAVEL AGENT

The difference is that the tour operator creates packages and sells them
either to the consumer or the travel agent.
Whereas, the travel agent only sells the packages on behalf of the tour
operator and does not create packages.
TOURIST
DESTINATION

IS A GEOGRAPHICAL
UNIT WHERE THE
TOURIST VISITS AND
STAYS.
IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM

CONTRIBUTION TO THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Balance of payments is an accounting record that indicates the economic and financial situations of
a country as compared with other countries.

Contribution to the Philippine Economy:

Before the pandemic, the Philippines Travel & Tourism sector's contribution to GDP was ​22.5% of
the total economy (worth US$92.6 billion). However, due to damaging travel restrictions it then
plunged by 80.7% to a mere US$ 17.8 billion, dropping to just a 4.8% share towards the country's
GDP.
EFFECT ON GENERAL DEVELOPMENT

Infrastructure development- due to high contribution in the income of

Phil. Economy.

Cultural Development- showcases Phil. Culture to tourist and making

an act to preserve them.

Social Development- interactions with different people and languages

all over the world.
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES

LODGING: Receptionist, Housekeeper, Bell boy, Concierge, Engineer, etc.

TRANSPORTATION: Driver, Flight Attendant, Server, Pilot, Captain, etc.
FOOD: Waiter/ Waitress, Bartender, Cashier, Chef, Cook, etc.
ATTRACTION&ACTIVITIES: Scuba trainer, Tour guide, Tourism Information
Officer, etc.
TOUR PACKAGE: Tour Operator, Travel Agent.
INSURANCE: Travel Insurance Officer.
MOTIVATIONS FOR TRAVEL:

● ESCAPE ● CULTURAL
● RELAXATION ● EDUCATION
● PHYSICAL ● PROFESSIONAL/BUSINESS
● INTEREST IN FOREIGN AREAS
● HEALTH
● SCENERY
● FAMILY TOGETHERNESS
● INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONS
● STATUS AND PRESTIGE
● SELF DISCOVERY
TRAVEL MOTIVATORS CAN BE DIVIDED TO FOUR CLASSES:

PHYSICAL MOTIVATORS INTERPERSONAL

- related to physical rest, sports, MOTIVATORS
beach, etc. - desire to meet people. Visit friends, relatives,
family, etc.

CULTURAL MOTIVATORS STATUS AND PRESTIGE

- desire to know other countries’ MOTIVATORS
music, art, dances, paintings, etc. - concern ego needs and personal development. Trip
related to business, study, hobbies, etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF TRAVELERS BASED ON PERSONALITY

PSYCHOCENTRICS
- People centered on self, inhibited.
They prefer to visit safe places.
ALLOCENTRICS
- People having interest and
attention on other persons, are
highly curious and thrive on
stimulation and change.
- They have a strong need for
variety and new experiences.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF TRAVELERS BASED ON PURPOSE OF TRAVEL

BUSINESS TRAVELERS PLEASURE/PERSONAL

● MICE TRAVELERS

● RESORT TRAVELERS
● FAMILY PLEASURE TRAVELERS
● SINGLES AND COUPLES
TRAVEL CONSTRAINTS

● LACK OF MONEY
● LACK OF TIME
● LACK OF SAFETY AND
SECURITY
● PHYSICAL DISABILITY
● FAMILY COMMITMENTS
● LACK OF INTEREST IN TRAVEL
● FEAR OF TRAVEL
SOCIOECENOMIC VARIABLES THAT AFFECT
TRAVEL

● AGE: infants, early adult, and elderly

● INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS: lack of budget or rich.

● EDUCATION: local or international education.

● LIFE STAGES OF THE FAMILY: family or single.

TYPES OF TOURIST ROLES
● THE ORGANIZED MASS TOURIST
- Type of tourist that is least adventurous. Buy package tour with itinerary.
● INDIVIDUAL MASS TOURIST
- This tourist is similar to the organized mass tourist, except that he has a certain degree of
control over his time and itinerary and is not bound to a group. However, arrangement of his
tour is still done by the travel agency.
● THE EXPLORER
- Tourist that arranges his trip by himself and look for comfortable accommodations and reliable
means of transportation.
● THE DRIFTER
- Goes farthest away from accustomed ways of life of his own country.
TRAVEL INDUSTRY

Travel industry is a tourism and hospitality network, which includes

public and private sectors.

Gee, Choy and Makens (1997) define the travel industry as “the
composite of organizations” both private and public, that are
involved in the development, production, and marketing of products
and services to serve the needs of the travelers.
 DIFFERENT
SECTORS OF
HOSPITALITY
INDUSTRY
FOOD & BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
The food and beverage industry consists of the
preparation, transportation, and serving of food or
beverage to customers.
RESTAURANTS
Restaurants

is an establishment where the predominant activity is the production and service

of food consumption on premises.
Restaurant may be based on:

● National cuisine – French, Mexican, Italian, Filipino, Fusion etc.

● A style and/or speed of service – which can include simple plated service.
● A unique feature – such as a view of natural landscape, their proximity to a
certain area/landmark or other facilities. See-through kitchen.
● A nominated activity – such as a theatre restaurant or a variety of
entertainment when dining.
Cafeterias or Canteen

a restaurant or dining room in a school or a business in which customers serve

themselves or are served from a counter and pay before eating.
Catering

is the activity of providing food and drink for a large number of people.
For example: at weddings, birthdays, and parties.
Cafes

a small restaurant selling light meals and drinks.

Can serve breakfast, brunch, lunch and dinner and often offers coffee and cake in
between.

The word café denotes a more casual, relaxed, and informal environment that may
be expected in a restaurant.
Fast Food

Is a type of mass-produced food designed for commercial resale, with a strong

priority placed on speed of service. It is a commercial term, limited to food sold in
a restaurant or store with frozen, preheated or precooked ingredients and served in
packaging for take-out/take-away.
Bars

a place where drinks, especially alcoholic drinks, are sold and drunk, or the area
in such a place where the person serving the drinks stands.
LODGING/ACCOMMODATION INDUSTRY
is the section of the service industry that deals with guest
accommodation or lodgings. By most definitions, the hotel industry
refers not only to hotels, but also to many other forms of overnight
accommodation, including hostels, motels, inns and guest houses.
 HOTEL
An establishment that provides lodging and usually meals,
entertainment, and various personal services for the public.
Commercial Hotels

The largest group of hotels that primarily cater to business travelers.

They offer a wide variety of services and facilities that meets the
exquisite taste of their guests.

State-of-the art rooms and recreational facilities are often offered in

this category
Airport Hotels

Are named so because of their proximity to major travel centers like airports.
Typically target markets include business travelers who do not want to travel
further after a long flight.
Resort Hotel

The resort hotel is a luxury facility that is intended primarily for vacationers and is
usually located near special attractions, such as beaches and seashores, scenic or historic
areas, ski parks, or spas.
Casino Hotel

is an establishment consisting of a casino with temporary lodging provided in an

on-premises hotel.

Customers receive the benefits of both gambling facilities and lodging. Since the
casino and hotel are located on the same premises, a gambler's necessities can be
provided for in one location.
Bed and Breakfast Hotels

Are usually converted houses or historical buildings that offer rentable rooms to
guests.

They may offer limited facilities but their food and beverage service makes guests
feel at home.
Suite Hotels

Feature luxury rooms; guestrooms can have a foyer and a kitchen, as well as
butler service.

Ex: Presidential suite at Diamond hotel with 140+++ per night

Can accommodate 8-10 pax with 3 rooms
Convention Hotels

Primarily cater to conventions and meetings of small to large groups.

Capsule Hotels

is a type of hotel developed in Japan that features many small bed-sized rooms

known as capsules. Capsule hotels provide cheap, basic overnight
accommodation for guests who do not require or who cannot afford larger, more
expensive rooms offered by more conventional hotels.
7-Star Hotel

There is no official rating of “7-stars” for hotels. However, journalists, guests

and hotel aficionados have dubbed these hotels as 7-stars simply for
their grandiose accommodations and service. Exclusive to the rich and famous,
these over-the-top hotel rooms feature lavish amenities that come with a hefty
price tag.
TRANSPORTATION
INDUSTRY
BUS/ COACH

Coaches also have more features than buses. Because they are typically used for travelling longer
distances, coaches place more of an emphasis on comfort and entertainment. Coaches are often equipped
with larger, more comfortable seats, whereas buses possess standard two and three-seater, bench-style
seats.
CRUISE SHIP

A cruise ship is a luxury vessel that is used to take passengers on a pleasure

voyage in a journey that is as much a part of the experience as the various
destinations on the way.
PASSENGER AIRCRAFT

An airliner is a type of aircraft for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such
aircraft are most often operated by airlines.
SKYTRAX STAR
RATING
Skytrax World Airline Star Rating began in 1999, and is the prestigious, longest
established and unique mark of Quality Achievement and a global benchmark of
Airline Excellence, awarded following the professional audit analysis and assessment
of airline product and front-line service standards.

Skytrax Star Ratings are recognized as a global Benchmark of airline standards around
the world, and use a quality scale from 1-Star through to the exclusive 5-star airline
award. Ratings are based on evaluation of product and service standards for both the
onboard and airport environments, using a unified and consistent rating system.
 5-Star Airline Rating

● Awarded to airlines achieving a very high, overall Quality performance. It recognises

high standards of Airport and Onboard Product together with consistent and excellent
standards of Staff Service delivery across the Airport and Cabin service
environments.
 4-Star Airline Rating

● A seal of Quality Approval awarded to airlines that deliver a good overall Quality
performance. The ranking represents airlines providing good Product standards
across different travel cabins, and delivering good standards of Staff Service for the
Onboard and home-base Airport environments.
 3-Star Airline Rating

● Awarded to airlines delivering a fair Quality performance equating to an industry

“average” of acceptable product and service standards. This 3-Star rating signifies a
satisfactory Product quality across different travel cabins. It is performing below 4-
Star requirements due to inconsistency amongst either product and/or front-line
Staff Service for the Onboard and home-base Airport environments.
 2-Star Airline Rating

● Shows airlines delivering a lower total Quality performance, in some instances below
the industry average across many rating categories.
● A 2-Star Airline rating signifies an inconsistent or lower Quality of Product and/or
front-line Staff Service for the Onboard and home-base Airport environments.
 1-Star Airline Rating

● This represents a poor quality of Product delivered across the assessment sectors,
combining with low and/or inconsistent standards of front-line Staff Service for the
Onboard and home-base Airport.
Philippine Airlines

●  tradename of PAL Holdings, Inc. and also known historically as Philippine

Air Lines until 1970, is the flag carrier of the Philippines.

● Is a 4-Star Airline according to Skytrax

AIRLINES

An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling

passengers and freight. Airlines use aircraft to supply these services and may form
partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements, in which
they both offer and operate the same flight. 
Emirates

● Founded in 1985, and flying out of Dubai with just two aircraft, Emirates now has a fleet of more
than 230 aircraft, and currently fly to over 140 destinations in more than 80 countries around the
world. The Emirates network is expanding constantly, with over 1,500 flights departing Dubai each
week on their way to destinations on six continents.
Qatar Airways

● In a relatively short time, Qatar Airways has grown to more than 140

destinations worldwide, offering levels of service excellence that helped the
award-winning carrier to become best in the world. Qatar Airways network
spans business and leisure destinations across Europe, Middle East, Africa,
Asia Pacific, North America and South America.
Singapore Airlines

● Singapore Airlines is one of the most respected travel brands around the world.
Flying one of the youngest aircraft fleets in the world to destinations spanning a
network spread over six continents, the Singapore Girl is an internationally-
recognisable icon providing the high standards of care and service that customers
have come to expect of Singapore Airlines.
ANA All Nippon Airways

● ANA All Nippon Airways is the largest airline in Japan. Founded in 1952,
ANA flies to around 80 international routes and over 110 domestic routes.
ANA has been a member of Star Alliance since 1999. Its Frequent Flyer
Program, ANA Mileage Club, has more than 29 million members. ANA was
the launch customer and is the biggest operator of the Boeing 787.
Japan Airlines

● Japan Airlines was founded in 1951 and became the first international airline in Japan. A
member of the one world alliance, the airline now reaches 430 airports in 66 countries and
regions together with its codeshare partners. Awarded as one of the most punctual major
international airlines and a certified 5-Star Airline by Skytrax.
TOURIST ATTRACTION
A tourist attraction is a place of interest that tourists visit,
typically for its inherent or an exhibited natural or cultural value,
historical significance, natural or built beauty, offering leisure and
amusement.
ENTERTAINMENT
ATTRACTIONS
 AMUSEMENT PARKS

Is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as
other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of
amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central
theme, often featuring multiple areas with different themes.
EDUCATIONAL
ATTRACTIONS
Theatre

Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live

performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or
imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage.
MUSEUMS

Museum is a building or institution that cares for and displays a

collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical,
or scientific importance.
VENUS DE MILO

● The Venus de Milo is one of the most famous classical depictions of female
beauty.
● Along with the Mona Lisa and Michelangelo’s David, this is probably the
most recognized piece of art in the world. Its age (over 2,000 years) beauty,
and iconic missing arms have all combined to make it one of the most
enduring representations of classical female beauty in existence. The French
also helped things along; since acquiring the statue from the Greek island of
Melos (or Milo, in French) in 1821, they have promoted the heck out of it.
MONA LISA
The Mona Lisa is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da
Vinci.
Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been
described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most
sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world"
ZOOS

A zoo is a facility in which animals are housed within enclosures,

cared for, displayed to the public, and in some cases bred for
conservation purposes. The term zoological garden refers to zoology,
the study of animals. 
 NATURAL
ATTRACTIONS
are geographical or biological features that have a specific appeal to the
tourism market.
SAHARA DESERT

The Sahara is the world’s largest hot desert covering most of Northern Africa,
making it almost as large as the United States.
The Sahara receives less than three inches of rain a year on average. Even in the
Sahara’s wettest areas, it may rain only twice a week and not rain again for
years.
MOUNT EVEREST

Mount Everest has an approximate elevation of 29,029 feet. Mountaineers

consider this mountain the highest spot on Earth; however, it is not the tallest
mountain in the world, a title that belongs to Mauna Kea in Hawaii. Everest lies
within the Himalayan mountain range on the border of Nepal and Tibet, China.
GREAT BARRIER REEF

The Great Barrier Reef in Australia is not only a natural wonder it is a protected
UNESCO World Heritage Area. Spanning 344,000 square km this underwater
marine park in Queensland, Australia is a sight to behold.

As the world's largest coral reef, the Great Barrier Reef includes over 900 islands,
roughly 3,000 separate reefs, and sustains a diverse ecosystem. Measuring
approximately 2,300 kilometers in length, it covers an immense area of the ocean,
much of it a long way offshore.
 AURORA BOREALIS

The Northern Lights have become a sensation for tourists traveling in the Northern
Hemisphere. The Northern Lights are auroras, or naturally occurring phenomena that
consist of mystifying displays of light in the sky. The northern lights dance across the
sky and emanate a diffused glow along the northern horizon.
The intensity of northern lights increases as you head north towards the magnetic pole in
the Arctic. Unfortunately, the northern lights appear only randomly, making it a
challenge for travelers to see while on a short trip. They are more often experienced by
locals who live in these northern regions.
The best places to see the northern lights are in the far part of the Northern Hemisphere,
including Canada's far north, Alaska, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and Finland.
GRAND CANYON

The Grand Canyon is located in Arizona, USA. The closest major cities are Las
Vegas and Phoenix.
The Grand Canyon in Arizona is a natural formation distinguished by layered
bands of red rock, revealing millions of years of geological history in cross-
section.
Vast in scale, the canyon averages 10 miles across and a mile deep along its 277-
mile length.
LANDMARKS
ANGKOR WAT

The expansive Angkor temple complex is one of Southeast Asia's most

significant archaeological sites. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is where the
Khmer Empire famously reigned from the ninth to 15th centuries.
Located in Seam Reap, Cambodia
 SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE

The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney. Located on
the banks of Sydney Harbour, it is widely regarded as one of the world's most famous
and distinctive buildings and a masterpiece of 20th century architecture.
EIFFEL TOWER

The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris,
France.
It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built
the tower.
TAJ MAHAL

Located in Agra, India.

The Taj Mahal is a tribute to Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's favorite wife. This
opulent structure, completed in 1648, has been recognized as the best example of
Indo-Islamic architecture by UNESCO.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA

The Great Wall of China is the longest wall in the world, measuring 13,170 miles
in length. The most visited area near Beijing is the Mutianyu section, the longest
and one of the more restored parts of the wall.
The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications that were built across the
historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as
protection against various nomadic groups from the Eurasian Steppe.
GREAT PYRAMIDS OF GIZA

Located along the Nile River outside of Cairo, the Great Pyramid of Giza and the
surrounding pyramids are more than 4,000 years old. Commissioned by King
Khufu around 2500 B.C., these ancient remains serve as reminders of Egypt's
prosperous and powerful past.
They are also one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world – and the only one
left standing today.
CHRIST THE REDEEMER

Christ the Redeemer is the symbol of both Rio de Janeiro and Brazil. The famous
figure is nearly 98 feet tall and was inaugurated in 1931. It overlooks the bustling
city from the craggy mountaintop of Corcovado, providing truly spectacular views
of Rio.
COLLOSEUM, ROME

Rome’s Colloseum opened in A.D. 80 with Emperor Vespasian's son Titus

proclaiming 100 days of games as its inaugural festivities. The greatest colosseum
in Rome's empire, the amphitheater fit more than 50,000 spectators.
Statue of Liberty

Located in New York Harbor, the Statue of Liberty is one of the most

recognizable landmarks in the U.S.
The statue was given to the U.S. in 1886 by the people of France to symbolize
friendship between the two countries and the site became a National Monument
in 1924.
 TOURIST
ACTIVITIES
SURFING IN BALER, AURORA

Surfing is a surface water sport in which an individual, a surfer, uses a board to ride on the forward
section, or face, of a moving wave of water, which usually carries the surfer towards the shore.

Baler is the birthplace of Philippine Surfing and Home to the oldest and largest surfing community in the
Philippines.
Facing the Pacific Ocean, Aurora offers a variety of sites for surfing from right hand reef break of Cobra
Reef to the comfortable sandy bottom break of Sabang Beach.
HIKING IN MT. APO

Hiking involves a long energetic walk in a natural environment on hiking trails or

footpaths for a day or overnight.
Mount Apo, also known locally as Apo Sandawa, is a large solfataric, dormant
stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao, Philippines. With an elevation of 2,954
meters above sea level, it is the highest-mountain in the Philippine Archipelago,
Mindanao and 24th-highest peak of an island on Earth.
SPELUNKING IN CALLAO CAVE

Spelunking is the leisure activity of going into underground caves and tunnels . 

Callao Cave is one of 300 limestone caves located in the Barangays of Magdalo
and Quibal in the municipality of Peñablanca, about 24 km northeast of
Tuguegarao City, the capital of Cagayan province.
SCUBA DIVING IN TUBBATAHA REEFS NATIONAL PARK

Scuba diving is diving with the help of a self-contained underwater breathing

apparatus, called a scuba.
The Tubbataha Natural Park, also known as the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park,
is a protected area of the Philippines located in the middle of the Sulu Sea.
ISLAND HOPPING IN EL NIDO

Island Hopping- travel from one island to another, especially as a tourist in an

area of small islands.
El Nido, meaning nest in Spanish, is famed for its pristine beaches, stunning
lagoons, and towering limestone formations, and is arguably the best destination
this summer in the Philippines. 
 TRAVEL AGENCY
A travel agency is a private retailer or public service that provides travel and
tourism-related services to the general public on behalf of accommodation or
travel suppliers to offer different kinds of travelling packages for each
destination.
 TOUR OPERATOR

A tour operator is a business that typically combines and

organizes accommodations, meals, sightseeing and
transportation components, in order to create a package
tour.
 TRAVEL AGENT

The primary role of a travel agent is to help people

make travel arrangements, which might include
booking flights, hotels, sightseeing tours, and making
dining recommendations.

A travel agent assesses each customer's unique needs,

preferences, and budget to ensure their trip goes as
smoothly as possible.
 SUMMARY

Different Sectors of Hospitality Industry:

● Food and Beverage Industry

● Lodging/Accommodation Industry
● Transportation Industry
● Tourist Attraction
● Tourist Activities
● Travel Agency
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE IN
HOSPITALITY
INDUSTRY
FOOD AND
BEVERAGE
RESTAURANT
OWNER

The owner fulfills the functions of a

manager and is in charge of supervising
employees, hiring, and other common
managerial functions.
 ADMINISTRATOR

The administrator is in charge of the taxes,

suppliers, and other administrative needs of
the restaurant.
 MANAGER

The manager supervises the heads of each

division, especially the cashiers, and the
receptionist.
KITCHEN MANAGER

The kitchen manager is in charge of handling

inventory and the purchases required for the
kitchen, reporting to the administrator.
EXECUTIVE CHEF

The executive chef creates menus and oversees the

overall operation of the kitchen, and works closely
with the kitchen manager.
SOUS CHEF

The sous-chef is in charge of supervising the

plating of each dish, bulk preparations, and
more.
 STATION CHEF

Each station has a station chef with more

experience to handle the complex preparations
of each station and supervise cooks, assistants,
and production.
 DISHWASHER

The kitchen has a dishwasher and back of the house

cleaners in charge of keeping the work areas clean
and kitchen equipment organized.
 HEAD WAITER

The head of waiters or Maitre d ' is in charge of

observing the work of each of the waiters,
guiding the diners to their tables, and making
sure that the room works as it should.
 WAITER/WAITRESS

The duties and responsibilities of a

Waiter/Waitress include welcoming and seating
guests, taking guest orders, communicating them
effectively to the kitchen and in addition,
memorizing the menu and offering
recommendations to upsell appetizers, desserts,
or drinks.
 SOMMELIER

A sommelier or wine steward, is a trained and

knowledgeable wine professional, normally
working in fine restaurants, who specializes in
all aspects of wine service as well as wine
and food pairing.
CLEANING STAFF

Front-of-house cleaning staff, dedicated to

organizing each table and cleaning up after
the diners leave.
SECURITY GUARD

security officers are tasked with securing the premises and

personnel by staying on patrol, monitoring surveillance
equipment, performing building inspections, guarding
entry points, and verifying visitors.
CAFE
OWNER

The owner fulfills the functions of a

manager and is in charge of supervising
employees, hiring, and other common
managerial functions.
 ADMINISTRATOR

The administrator is in charge of the taxes,

suppliers, and other administrative needs of
the restaurant.
 MANAGER

The manager supervises the heads of each

division, especially the cashiers, and the
receptionist.
CASHIER

A Cashier is a retail professional who scans

items to ensure prices and quantities are
correct, assists those who need help or
advice on products, and handles returns and
exchanges when necessary.
 WAITER/WAITRESS

The duties and responsibilities of a

Waiter/Waitress include welcoming and seating
guests, taking guest orders, communicating them
effectively to the kitchen and in addition,
memorizing the menu and offering
recommendations to upsell appetizers, desserts,
or drinks.
CHEF

A highly skilled person who is in charge of food

production in a commercial kitchen of a restaurant,
hotel, resort, hospital or cruise ship is normally
referred to as a chef.
Their duties are very diverse.
PASTRY CHEF

A pastry chef or pâtissier is a station chef in a

professional kitchen, skilled in the making of
pastries, desserts, breads and other baked
goods.
BAKER

A baker is a person whose job is to bake

and sell bread, pastries, and cakes.
BARISTA

A barista is a person, usually a

coffeehouse employee, who prepares and
serves espresso-based coffee drinks.
 DISHWASHERS

The kitchen has a dishwasher and back of the house

cleaners in charge of keeping the work areas clean
and kitchen equipment organized.
ACCOMMODATION/
LODGING
HOTEL
 GENERAL MANAGER

The hotel General Manager (GM) is the person

ultimately responsible for a hotel's
performance.

A GM's ability to make decisions and take

action will thus have an important impact on
his or her hotel's operational and strategic
results.
ASSISTANT MANAGER

Assistant managers are the right-hand

man or woman to the hotel manager.

They help manage day-to-day operations

by overseeing front desk staff,
housekeeping, and other departments
within the hotel.
 DEPUTY ASSISTANT MANAGER

Responsibilities include deputizing and assisting

the assistant manager with marketing and
promotion, budgeting and financial planning and
pricing to adhere to agreed prices/budgets, directing
and organizing all of the hotel’s services and
maintaining applicable quality standards.
 FINANCIAL DIRECTOR

A Director of Finance is responsible for the

company's long-term financial health and
growth.

They establish strategies that will earn profits,

oversee accounting operations, produce
accurate reports on where money is going
within the business and improve or change
current practices to increase efficiency.
 ACCOUNTANT

Hotel accountants are responsible for managing the

finances of hotels and other lodging
establishments.

They work closely with hotel managers to ensure

that all financial transactions are properly recorded
and accounted.
 FRONT OFFICE MANAGER

Are responsible for ensuring that staff treat guests

courteously and that guest services and
administrative duties are performed speedily and
efficiently.
ASSISTANT F.O. MANAGER

Also known as (AFOM), monitors front office

employees to make sure all guests receive prompt
and personal recognition. He/she takes care of the
front desk operation including guest registration,
room assignment, and check-out procedures.
FRONT DESK OFFICER/GUEST SERVICES
OFFICER/RECEPTIONIST

Is an employee taking an office or administrative

support position. The work is usually performed in
a waiting area such as lobby or front office desk of
an org or business.
 CONCIERGE

The concierge will assist guest with personal

services such as making dinner and tour
reservations, offering suggestions for events,
and arranging transportation.
 BELL BOY

Duties often include opening the front door,

moving luggage, valeting cars, calling cabs,
transporting guests, advising directions,
performing basic concierge work, and
responding to guest needs.
VALET ATTENDANT

A valet greets guest, helping unload luggage,

parking cars, carefully and returning vehicles
quickly when guest are ready to leave.
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGER

Responsibilities include recruiting and training new

hired employees, managing employee data,
administering pay, benefits and leave, and enforcing
company policies and practices.
 ASST. HR MANAGER

Maintains accurate and up-to-date human resource files,

records, and documentation.

Answers frequently asked questions from applicants and

employees relative to standard policies, benefits, hiring
processes, etc.; refers more complex questions to
appropriate senior-level HR staff or management.
FOOD&BEVERAGE MANAGER

Food and beverage managers plan, organize, direct,

control and evaluate the operations of restaurants,
bars, cafeterias and other businesses that operate
serving food and beverage.

Food and beverage managers may be employed by

restaurants, bars, hotels and resorts etc.
KITCHEN MANAGER

A Kitchen Manager, or Restaurant Manager, is in

charge of coordinating and supervising a restaurant's
kitchen staff according to food safety standards.

Their duties include hiring, training and scheduling

Cooks, performing quality control on food leaving
the kitchen and ordering inventory to keep up with
demand.
EXECUTIVE CHEF

The executive chef creates menus and oversees the

overall operation of the kitchen, and works closely
with the kitchen manager.
LEAD CHEF

A lead cook, or lead line cook, is a professional

restaurant employee who is in charge of supervising the
chain of food preparation done by line cooks.

Lead cooks work directly under head cooks or chefs

who provide instructions in preparing meals.
FOOD RUNNER

A food runner, also known as a server assistant, is a

restaurant worker who helps the wait staff and
bartenders improve the dining experience for customers.

They play a crucial part in a restaurant, performing a

range of duties including assisting guests with orders,
taking feedback, and preparing table set-ups.
 WAITER/WAITRESS

The duties and responsibilities of a

Waiter/Waitress include welcoming and seating
guests, taking guest orders, communicating them
effectively to the kitchen and in addition,
memorizing the menu and offering
recommendations to upsell appetizers, desserts,
or drinks.
CASHIER

A Cashier is a retail professional who scans

items to ensure prices and quantities are
correct, assists those who need help or
advice on products, and handles returns and
exchanges when necessary.
RESTAURANT MANAGER

A Restaurant Manager makes sure the restaurant runs

smoothly. They hire and train staff following
company policies.

In addition, Restaurant Managers speak with

customers about any concerns or problems, while
also creating work schedules.
SALES & MARKETING MANAGER

The sales and marketing manager is responsible for

leading their team of professionals who are involved in
the sales and marketing activities of the company.

They track market developments, create strategies, set up

sales plans, and maintain customer relations.
ASST. SALES & MARKETING MANAGER

Sales and Marketing Assistant Job Duties

Maintaining relationships with current customers

by providing them with product information and
promotional offers. Preparing proposals for new
business opportunities and managing existing
accounts. Preparing marketing materials such as
brochures, fliers, and catalogs.
SALES AND MARKETING OFFICER

Designing and implementing marketing plans for company

products.
Coordinating with media representatives and sponsors.

Working with the sales team to develop targeted sales

strategies. Answering client queries about product
specifications and uses.
RESERVATION OFFICER

Assisting and advising customers who may be

choosing from a variety of travel options.

Making reservations for customers based on their

various requirements and budgetary allowances.

Checking the availability of accommodation or

transportation on the customers' desired travel dates.
 LOGISTICS MANAGER

A logistics manager supervises the movement,

distribution, and storage of supplies and materials in a
company.

They are tasked with planning routes, analyzing

budgets, and processing shipments. Also known as
supply chain managers, they generally form part of
middle management.
PURCHASE MANAGER

A purchasing manager, also known as a purchasing

director or supply manager, heads a team
responsible for procuring goods and services for
resale or company use.

They seek the best available quality for the lowest

price.
They evaluate suppliers, negotiate contracts, and
review product quality.
MAINTENANCE MANAGER

Maintenance Managers are professionals who make sure

that all of the equipment in an office, building, or
landscape is taken care of.

They track expenses and progress so companies know

when something needs fixing. These efforts also help
with preventive maintenance.
 ENGINEER

A hotel engineer is in charge of maintenance for a

hotel. As a hotel engineer, it’s your job to troubleshoot
and repair hotel equipment, facilities, and systems
(including HVAC and electrical).
Your job duties include performing preventative
maintenance, making regular inspections, coordinating
the maintenance staff, diagnosing potential problems,
and staying within budget.
MAINTENANCE OFFICER

As a hotel maintenance worker, their job duties are

to inspect and repair various energy systems, such as the
heating and cooling systems, plumbing, lighting, and
kitchen equipment.

They also assist with repairing floors, roofs, and doors and
installing new products, such as windows, carpets, and light
fixtures.
SECURITY MANAGER

A Security Manager is in charge of a hospitality

property's security.

He oversees the Security Department and a number of

security systems which protect the guests, the workers
and the hotel buildings.
SECURITY OFFICER

A hotel security officers is responsible for providing safety in hotels. They help protect guests and
their valuables, as well as fellow hotel employees. Typically, hotel security guards do not carry
firearms, although there might be weapons on the premises they can access if required. Their
typical duties and responsibilities include:

• Patrolling the hotel premises (both interior and exterior)

• Checking the parking area and ensuring there are no unauthorized vehicles
• Ensuring all hotel doors are locked and that all rooms are properly silent
• Monitoring who enters, and who leaves, the hotel
• Filling in the security log (this is a small report of what areas have been checked)
• Monitoring the security cameras
• Responding to calls when colleagues need assistance
• Escorting guests where necessary (e.g., if they are intoxicated and need to go to their room or if
they are lost)
DRIVER

As a Chauffeur or driver in the hotel, your primary

responsibility is to transport the hotel's guests upon
arrival, departure and any other driving-related duties
and responsibility.

Additionally, you should also assist other departments

for their transportation requirements eg
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY AND
HEALTH
STANDARDS
 WHAT IS OSH?

Occupational safety and health (OSH) is a discipline with a broad scope involving many
specialized fields. In its broadest sense, it aims at:

• the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social
well‐being of workers in all occupations;

• the preparation and preservation of conditions in the workplace that reduce or prevent
the likelihood of persons being injured while performing their work;
 WHAT IS OSH?

● the prevention among workers of departures from health caused by their working
conditions;
• the protection of workers in their places of employment from risks resulting from
factors adverse to their health; and  
• the placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to
their physical and mental capacities.
January - General Orientation
February - Air Transportation
March - Fire Prevention
April - Vacation Hazards
May - Land Transportation
June - Sea Transportation (SOLAS “Safety of Life at Sea”)
July - Schools
August - Farms
September - Health and Sanitation
October - Industry & Commerce
November - Mines
December - Holiday Hazards & Homes
 JANUARY
GENERAL ORIENTATION MONTH
 FEBRUARY
AIR TRANSPORTATION MONTH
 MARCH
LAND TRANSPORTATION SAFETY MONTH
 APRIL
VACATION HAZARDS MONTH
 MAY
FIRE PREVENTION MONTH
 JUNE
SEA TRANSPORTATION SAFETY MONTH
 JULY
SCHOOL SAFETY MONTH
 AUGUST
FARM SAFETY MONTH
 SEPTEMBER
HEALTH AND SANITATION MONTH
 OCTOBER
INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE SAFETY MONTH
The Proclamation No. 115-A, s. 1966, sees that there is indisputable evidence of
a considerable rise in accident occurrence every year not only in industrial,
commercial and agricultural enterprises, but especially on the highways, in
schools and even in our homes, most of which are unrecorded.

There is now, more than ever as a part of our national development, an impelling
and constant need for propagating safety consciousness among our people
everyday of the year as a positive preventive approach to a problem that can be
solved by more caution, vigilance, sobriety, exercise of common sense and
respect for the law.
NOVEMBER
MINES SAFETY MONTH
 DECEMBER
HOLIDAY HAZARDS AND SAFETY MONTH
 OSH LEGISLATIONS

Phil. Const.
● Article XIII Section 3 of Phil.
Constitution
● The state shall afford full
protection to labor, .... .
They shall be entitled to
security of tenure, humane
conditions of work, and a
living wage.
 OSH LEGISLATIONS

Law : P.D. 442, Book IV, Titles I and II

Title : Labor Code of the Phils.
Phil. Const. Year Passed : 1974
Implementing Agency: DOLE

Content: Revised and consolidated labor and

social laws to afford full protection to labor,
Labor Code.
promote employment and human resources
development and ensure industrial peace
based on social justice.
 OSH LEGISLATIONS
● Article 162 – The Secretary of labor shall by
Phil. Const. appropriate order set and enforce mandatory OSH
Standards to eliminate or reduce OSH hazards in all
workplaces and institute new and update existing
programs to ensure safe and healthful working
conditions in all place of employment
Labor Code.
● Article 165 - DOLE shall be solely responsible for the
administration, enforcement of laws, policies and
programs on OSH.
● Chartered cities may be allowed to conduct industrial
safety inspection of establishments within their
respective jurisdictions.
 OSH LEGISLATIONS

Phil. Const.

● Law : Rules and Regulations

Implementing Art. 162, Book IV,
Title I, P.D. 442
Labor Code.
● Title : Occupational Safety and
Health Standards (OSHS)
● Year Passed : 1978
● Relevant Provision/s : Rule 1000 to
OSHS. Rule 1980
● Implementing Agency: DOLE
 OSH STANDARDS

● A set of mandatory OSH standards which

codifies all safety orders being enforced
prior to its promulgation.
● It contains administrative requirements,
general safety and health rules, technical
safety regulations, and other measures to
eliminate or reduce OSH hazards in the
workplace.
 OSH STANDARDS
● PURPOSE
– to protect every working man against the dangers
of injury, sickness or death through safe and
healthful working conditions.

• SCOPE
– shall apply to all places of employment incl. land,
sea and air transportation and safety in Mines.
WHO ARE THE ORGANIZATIONS
INVOLVED IN OSH?
 ADMINISTATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR OSH

DOLE

ECC

• Employees Compensation Commission

• The ECC is responsible for initiating, rationalizing and
coordinating the policies on employees compensation
programs as well as deciding appealed cases from the GSIS
and SSS, the agencies which initially administer the
employee’s compensation program in the public and private
sector.
 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR OSH

DOLE

ECC
Occupational Safety and Health Center
• Undertakes continuing studies and researches
OSHC on OSH
• Plans, develops and implements training
programs on OSH Undertakes practical
testing for safe use and sets standard
specifications of PPEs
• Monitor workers’ exposure to hazardous
substance and environmental conditions.

A
 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR OSH

DOLE

ECC BWC

OSHC
Bureau of Working Conditions

The BWC performs primarily policy and program development and advisory
functions in the administration and enforcement of laws relating to working
conditions.
It oversee the implementation of standards through technical supervision
of enforcement by the DOLE’s 15 Regional Offices all over the country
 INTRODUCTION TO OSHS

ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION FOR OSH

DOLE
• Implements laws,
ECC policies, plans,
programs, projects,
BWC rules and regulations of
OSHC the DOLE.

RO1 RO2 RO3 RO4 RO5 RO6 RO7 RO15

 ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF OSH LAWS

2 Types of OSH Inspection

 Technical Safety Inspection – inspection for

the purpose of safety determination of boilers,
pressure vessels, internal combustion
engines, electrical installations, elevators,
hoisting equipment and other mechanical
equipment

.
 ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION OF OSH LAWS

2 Types of OSH Inspection

 General Safety and Health Inspection – refers
to inspection of work environment, adequacy of
work space, ventilation, lighting, handling,
storage or work procedures, protection facilities,
location and operation of machinery other than
those covered by technical safety inspection
and other safety and health hazards in the
workplace.

.
SAFETY, HEALTH,
AND HYGIENIC
PRACTICES
Cuts