Lecture #2:

Signal Transformations
and Classifications
Dr Abul Khair bin Anuar
Dept of Communication Engineering
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FKEE)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
2 Outlines
 Signal Transformations  Classification of signals
 Amplitude Scaling  Continuous and discrete signals

 Time Shifting, Time Scaling  Symmetry

 Multiple Transformation
 Periodicity
 Energy and power signal
 Time Reversal
 Addition/ Subtraction
 Multiplication/ Division
 Differentiation/ Integration

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3 Learning Outcomes
 At the end of this topic, student shall be able to
 Solve signal transformation using mathematical and graphical
method
 Classify signals according to its physical properties

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4 Amplitude Scaling
  An amplitude scaling is defined as:

 𝑥 (𝑡 )  𝑦 (𝑡)
where is the scaling factor.
 For , signal is attenuated 𝑎 
 For , signal is amplified

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5 Time shifting
  A time shifting is defined as:

here and represent the original signal and the shift in time,
respectively.
 If , the signal to be right shifted or delayed
 If , the signal to be left shifted or advanced
 𝑥 (𝑡 )  
Time delay by
 
𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑥(𝑡 −𝑡 𝑜)
 𝑥 (𝑡 )    𝑦 ( 𝑡 )=𝑥 (𝑡 +𝑡 𝑜 )
Time advance by

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6 Time shifting: Example #1

Representation of time shifting: (a) original signal, (b) right shifted, and
(c) left shifted

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7 Time Scaling
  A time scaling is defined as:

here and represent the original signal and the scaling

constant, respectively.
 When , then is the time compressed version of , and
 When , then is the time expanded version of .

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8 Time Scaling: Example #2

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9 Multiple Transformation
 Multiple
  transformation,
 This can be done in steps

 The sequence of steps

Amplitude scaling  time scaling time shifting
 The sequence is important, eg.

Amplitude scaling  time shifting  time scaling

Will not give the correct answer, i.e.
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10 Multiple Transformation: Example #3

  ) →− 2 𝑔 ( 𝑡+2
𝑔(𝑡 )
4

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11 Multiple Transformation (2)
 The
  previous method shows the step to solve , i.e. .
 Another method is to write the transformation of the
signal as

 In this form, the sequence will be

Amplitude scaling  time shifting  time scaling

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12 Exercise #1
  Work out the signal transformation of
using the second technique.

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13 Time Reversal/ Folding
  Performed by changing the sign of time base in the signal
 The folding operation produces a signal which is a mirror image of
the original signal with respect to the time origin at .

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14 Addition/ Subtraction
 The
  operation follows as illustrated in  𝑥1 ( 𝑡 )  𝑦 ( 𝑡 )
Figure below
 

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15 Example#4
 Perform addition/subtraction of the following signals

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16 Solution Example #4

range
t>-1 -1<t<0 0<t<1 t>1
2 x1 0 2 1 0
x2 0 1 2 0
1 x1+x2 0 3 3 0
x1-x2 0 1 -1 0

-1 1

3
2
2
2
1
1
1
0
-1 1 -1 1
-1 1 -1

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17 Exercise #2
  Perform addition of the following signals.

 Hint:
 build table for each time range where discontinuity happens
 Write the mathematic function for each range in the table, eg. For , the
function between -1 and 0 is
 Do addition/subtraction for each range

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18 Multiplication
 The
  operation is as illustrated in Figure  𝑥1 ( 𝑡 )  𝑦 ( 𝑡 )
below.
 

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19 Exercise #3
 Perform multiplication of the following signals

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20 Exercise #4
 Perform multiplication of the following signals

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21 Differentiation
Mathematically
  it can be express as

 𝑥 (𝑡 )  𝑦 (𝑡)
The operation is illustrated in Figure below. 𝑑 / 𝑑𝑡
 

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22

  Important differentiation
 Ramp signal,

 Unit step,

 Exponential,

 Sinusoidal

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23 Integration
  Mathematically it can be express as

 Important integration
 Unit impulse,

 Exponential,

 Sinusoidal

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24 Example #5

    Write the signal using a single analytical expression with

aid of the unit step function,
 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )

Solution:
- 
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25 Example #6
  Plot the function

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26 Example #7
  

 Find for a given signal

 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )

Solution:
-(1) Step 1 (time shifting) (2) Step 2 (time scaling)
 𝑥 ( 𝑡 +3 ) x(2t+3)

1 1

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 t
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27 Example #8

   Find for a given signal

 Repeat for

 𝑥 (𝑡 )

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28 Example #9
 (a)
  Write the signal using a single analytical expression
with aid of the unit step function,

 (b) Find for a given signal

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29
Solutions
1 step: multiply

2 step: addition

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30 Example#10
 Write
  the signal using a single analytical expression with
aid of the unit step function,
 Find + for the given signal

 𝑥 ( 𝑡 )

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31 Example#11

    Write the signal using a single analytical expression with

aid of the unit step function,
 Plot

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32 Solution

(a)

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 b)
 Let’s
  do it in steps
33  Step 1: Time-shifting

 Step 2: Time-scaling

 Step 3: Time-reversal

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34 Example#12

   Write the signal x using a single analytical expression

with aid of the unit step function,

(a) (b)

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35 Example#13

   Write the signal x using a single analytical expression

with aid of the unit step function,

(a) (b)

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36 Example#14
  Let and

 Sketch:-

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37 Classification of Signals
 A signal can be classified into several cases
 Whether the signal is continuous or discrete either in the time-
axis (x-axis) and value (y-axis).
 Symmetry
 Periodicity
 Energy or Power signal

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38 Continuous and Discrete Signals
 We can have four (4) classes
 Continuous-time, continuous
value
 Discrete-time, continuous
value
 Continuous-time, discrete
value
 Discrete-time, discrete value
 A signal can also be
deterministic or random.

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39 Continuous-Time Signals
 Continuous
  time (CT) signals are signals of which its amplitude varies
continuously with time.
 Common example is voltage and velocity.
 Denote by , where the time interval may be bounded (finite) or infinite.
 Amplitude value presents at all time during the interval

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40 Typical CT-signals

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41 Example #15: Continuous-Time
Sinusoids
   
g t  Acos 2 t / T0    Acos 2 f0t    Acos  0t     
    
Amplitude Period Phase Shift Cyclic Radian
(s) (radians) Frequency Frequency
(Hz) (radians/s)

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42 Discrete-Time Signals
 Discrete-time
  (DT) signal, which has the amplitude of the signal
varies at every discrete value which is generally uniformly spaced.
 Common example includes pixels, daily stock price (anything that a
computer processes)
 Denote by , where is an integer value that varies discretely

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43 Example #16: Discrete – Time Signal
 A discrete-time signal can have continuous value or can only assumed a
predetermined set of value.
 A continuous time signal going through a sampling process will
produce a DT-Continuous value signal.
 Quantisation of this DT-CV signal will the produce DT-Discrete value
signal

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44  Comparison of and

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45 Conversions Between Signal Types

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46 Analog Vs Digital
 Analog corresponds to a continuous y-axis, while digital
corresponds to a discrete y-axis.
 An easy example of a digital signal is a binary sequence
where the values of the function can only be one or zero.

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47 Symmetry: Even Symmetry
 A
  continuous-time signal is said to be EVEN symmetry, if it satisfies
the condition
(1.1)
 An even signals are symmetric about the vertical axis.

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48 Symmetry: Odd symmetry
 A
  continuous-time signal is said to be ODD, if it satisfies the
condition
(1.2)
 An odd signal is asymmetric about the vertical axis.

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49 Asymmetric signal
 Since
  , the cosinusoidal signals are EVEN signals and
since , the sinusoidal signals are ODD signals.
 A continuous time signal , which is neither even nor odd
can be expressed as a sum of even and odd signal.

where

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50 Example #5
 Given
  an arbitrary signal, which is neither even or odd
function.

 Determine the even and odd part of the signal.

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51 Example #18
  Find the even and odd components of the signal below:

x(t)
x(t)
2
1 2

-2 2 -2 2
t t
 A signal is given by , for . Find the even and odd -2

components of the signal using the definition of even and

odd signals.

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52 Integrals of Even and Odd Functions

a a a

 g t dt  2  g t dt
a 0
 g t dt  0
a

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53 Special Properties for Symmetry
 Adding:
 The sum of two even functions is EVEN
 The sum of two odd functions is ODD
 The sum of an even and odd function is neither even nor odd
(unless one function is zero).
 Multiplying:
 The product of two even functions is an EVEN FUNCTION
 The product of two odd functions is an EVEN FUNCTION
 The product of an even function and an odd function is an ODD
FUNCTION.

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54 Products of Even and Even Functions

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55 Products of Odd and Odd Functions

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56 Products of Even and Odd Functions

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57 Periodicity

 Signal
  can be classified based on its periodicity; periodic or
aperiodic signal.
 A periodic signal will have a definite pattern that repeats again and
again over a certain period of time. Therefore, a signal that satisfies
the condition,
, where is the period,
is called a periodic signal.
 A signal that DOES NOT satisfy the above condition is called a
non-periodic or aperiodic signal.

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58 Example: Periodic vs Aperiodic Signals

Periodic signals repeat with some period T, while aperiodic or non-periodic

signals do not. See figure above.
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59 Periodicity of Composite Signal
 Composite
  signal means a combination of two or more
signals,
 Let consider the following signal

 The signal consists of two CT periodic signal. Show this

signal is periodic signal and determine the period, .

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60  It  has and
 Also has individual period, of
and
 To say the composite signal is a periodic signal it must satisfy this
relationship

  Periodic testing:
In this example Ratio of rational number

Can be simplified to

 So and . Therefore the overall period hence is rational.

 The overall composite signal is a periodic signal with period .
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61 Energy and Power Signals
 A
  signal with finite signal energy is called an energy signal.
 A signal with infinite signal energy and finite average signal
power is called a power signal.
 The energy of a continuous time signal

 The average power of a continuous time signal

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62 Energy and Power Signals
  Given a simple electrical circuit

 𝑥 (𝑡 ) 2
| |

 Energy () – integrating instantaneous power over time,

i.e. area under the function. .
 Power (ave), = integrating instantaneous power over
time, i.e. area under the function, divided by the period, .
.

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63 Exercise #6
 Determine
  whether the signals below are energy or
power signals.
x(t)
(a)

-½ 0 ½ t

(b)

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