Leadership Defined
Leadership is the process of persuading
people to work willingly and
enthusiastically in order to achieve goal.
Qualities of Leadership
Power: It means the capability of
influencing others by virtue of legitimet,
reward, expert, referent and cooerceive
power.
Fundamental Understanding of People:
It helps manager motivating his people
by satisfying their needs.
Qualities of Leadership
Ability to inspire followers to apply their
full capabilities: Growing unselwlfish
support from followers to their leaders.
Ability to develop a climate conducive to
arousing motivation: Creating a good
working environment so that everybody
got inspiration to do something.
Styles of Leadership
Leadership Style Based on Authority:
a. Autocratic Leadership: They give orders that
must be obeyed by the subordinates
advantage Quick decision and disadvantage
affecting group morale
b. Democratic Leadership: Solicits employee’s
participation and respect their opinion.
Styles of Leadership
Advantages of Democratic Leadership:
1. It often enhances morale of the employees
2. It increases the acceptance of the
manager’s idea.
3. It increases cooperation between the
manager and the employees.
4. It leads to reduce the number of complaints
and grievances.
Styles of Leadership
Disadvantages of Democratic
Leadership:
1. Slow decision
2. Diluted accountability for decisions
3. Possible compromise to please
everybody
4. Differences of opinion and disunity
Likert’s Four Style of
Managerial Leadership
1. Exploitative–Authoritative: Where managers
have no trust on subordinates
2. Benevolent-Autocratic:Delegation of
decisions with close policy controls
3. Cosultative:Subordinates feel free to discuss
things about the job with their bosses
4. Democratic: In all matters the managers
have trust and confidence in their
subordinates
Theories of Leadership
1. Trait Theory of Leadership: Believes that
leaders are born, not made. A more realistic
trait approach views that traits are not
completely in born but can also be acquired
through learning and experiences.
Limitations:
a. It overlooks the needs of the followers and
ignores situational factors.
b. Measurement of trait is done after a person
become a leader
Theories of Leadership
2. Contingency Theories of Leadership :
says that leaders are products of real situations,
rather than gifts of nature. It focuses on task
managements, peers’ expectation and behavior,
organizational culture and policies etc.
Limitations:
a. Narrow focus on a single leader trait
b. Ambiguity in measurement of terms of the
model
Theories of Leadership
2.a. Fiedler’s Contingency Theories
of Leadership: Holds that people
become leaders not only because of
their qualities but also because of
various situational factors and the
interactions between group members
and the leader.
Theories of Leadership
2.b. Hersey and Blancherd’s
Contingency Theories of
Leadership: Holds that successful
leadership is achieved by selecting the
right leadership style which is
contingent on followers maturity level.
Theories of Leadership
Four stages of maturity of subordinates:
1. M1: People are neither competent nor
confident
2. M2: People are motivated but currently lack
appropriate skill
3. M3: People are able but unwilling to do
what the leader wants
4. M4: People are both able and willing to do
what is asked of them
Theories of Leadership
3. Behavioral Theory of Leadership:
Based on the premise that effective leadership
is the result of effective role behavior following
a dynamic interaction between the leader and
the follower.
Limitation:
It fails to concentrate on the traits of the leader
rather study the activities of leaders to identify
their behavioral patterns
Behavioral Theory of
Leadership
Michigan University Studies:
a. Job-centered Leadership: Pay close
supervision to subordinates’ work, explain
work procedure and keenly interested to
performances.
b. Employee-centered Leadership: Interested
in developing a cohesive work group and
ensures job satisfaction of the employees.
Behavioral Theory of
Leadership
Ohio State University Studies:
a. Initiating Structure Behavior: Define leader-
subordinate role so that employees knows
what is expected, establish formal lines of
communication and determines how tasks
will be performed.
b. Consideration Behavior: Leaders are
concerned for subordinates and attempt to
establish a worm, friendly and supportive
climate
Theories of Leadership
4. Path-Goal Theory of Leadership: Explains
the impact of leader behavior on
subordinates’ motivation, satisfaction and
performance.
5. Charismatic Leadership Theory: Situation
like crisis requiring dramatic change of
followers dissatisfied with the status quo,
promotes charismatic leadership.
Theories of Leadership
6. Transformational Leadership: Picking
the idea of transformation process in
which the charismatic leaders can play
crucial role in meeting the challenges of
dramatic ahanges.
