DRUGS AFFECTING THE7

GROUP
CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
• All

Group 7:
Vannessa Tolentino
Christeresa Joy Edangal
Jaliah Chaves
Julie Ann Echiveree
Julie Ann Cali
Alyssa Daria
Algin Tapec
 CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

-is the narrowing or blockage

of the coronary arteries. This
condition is usually caused
-
by atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is the build-up of cholesterol and fatty deposits (called
plaques) inside the arteries. Plaque buildup causes the inside of the
arteries to narrow over time.
 SYMPTOMS OF CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE

-Chest pain or discomfort, also known as Angina. This

can happen when too much plaque builds up inside
arteries, causing them to narrow. Narrowed arteries can
cause chest pain because they can block blood flow to
your heart muscle and the rest of your body.
-Weakness, light-headedness, nausea (feeling sick to your
stomach), or a cold sweat
-Pain or discomfort in the arms or shoulder
-Shortness of breath
 DRUG THAT CAN BE USED TO TREAT
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE:

Beta blockers. These drugs slow your heart rate and decrease your blood pressure, which decreases your
heart’s demand for oxygen. If you’ve had a heart attack, beta blockers reduce the risk of future attacks.
Calcium channel blockers. These drugs may be used with beta blockers if beta blockers alone aren’t
effective or instead of beta blockers if you’re not able to take them. These drugs can help improve
symptoms of chest pain.
Ranolazine. This medication may help people with chest pain (angina). It may be prescribed with a beta
blocker or instead of a beta blocker if you can’t take it.
Nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin tablets, sprays and patches can control chest pain by temporarily dilating your
coronary arteries and reducing your heart’s demand for blood.
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).
These similar drugs decrease blood pressure and may help prevent progression of coronary artery disease
prevent.
 DRUG THAT CAN BE USED TO TREAT
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE:

Cholesterol-modifying medications. These medications reduce (or modify) the primary material that
deposits on the coronary arteries. As a result, cholesterol levels — especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL,
or the “bad”) cholesterol — decrease. Your doctor can choose from a range of medications, including statins,
niacin, fibrates and bile acid sequestrants.
Aspirin. Your doctor may recommend taking a daily aspirin or other blood thinner. This can reduce the
tendency of your blood to clot, which may help prevent obstruction of your coronary arteries.
• If you’ve had a heart attack, aspirin can help prevent future attacks. But aspirin can be dangerous if you
have a bleeding disorder or you’re already taking another blood thinner, so ask your doctor before taking
it.
 ABNORMAL HEART RHYTHM
(ARRYTHMIA)

• An arrhythmia is a problem with the

rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.
During an arrhythmia, the heart can
beat too fast, too slowly, or with an
irregular rhythm. When a heart beats
too fast, the condition is called
tachycardia. When a heart beats too
slowly, the condition is called
bradycardia.
SYMPTOMS
 DRUGS TO TREAT ARRHYTHMIA

• Antiarrhythmic drugs. These drugs control heart rate and include beta-blockers.

• Flecainide is known as an anti-arrhythmic drug. It works by blocking certain electrical signals in the
heart that can cause an irregular heartbeat.
• Beta-blockers like metropolol this can relieve your Tachycardia by slowing your heart rate. It can also
lower your blood pressure and decrease the stress on your heart.
• Atropine 0.5–1.0 mg given intravenously at intervals of 3 to 5 minutes, up to a dose of 0.04
mg/kg. prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of low heart rate (bradycardia)
• Cardioversion 
 DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a serious

condition that occurs when a blood clot
forms in a vein located deep inside your
body. A blood clot is a clump of blood that’s
turned to a solid state.
Deep vein blood clots typically form in your
thigh or lower leg, but they can also develop
in other areas of your body.
 DVT SYMPTOMS

Swelling in your foot, ankle, or leg, usually on

one side
Cramping pain in your affected leg that usually
begins in your calf
Severe, unexplained pain in your foot and ankle
An area of skin that feels warmer than the skin on
the surrounding areas
• Skin over the affected area turning pale or a
reddish or bluish color
 DVT SYMPTOMS

•People with an upper extremity DVT, or a blood

clot in the arm, may also not experience symptoms.
If they do, common symptoms include:
•Neck pain
•Shoulder pain
•Swelling in the arm or hand
•Blue-tinted skin color
•Pain that moves from the arm to the forearm
•Weakness in the hand
Note:
People may not find out that they have deep vein thrombosis until they’ve
gone through emergency treatment for a pulmonary embolism (blood clot in
the lung)
• A pulmonary embolism can happen when a DVT clot has moved from the
arm or leg into the lung. When an artery in the lung becomes blocked, it’s a
life-threatening condition and requires emergency care.
 DRUGS TO TREAT DEEP VEIN
THROMBOSIS

BLOOD THINNERS

Anticoagulant- slow down your Antiplatelets-prevent blood cells

body’s process of making clots. called platelets from clumping together
to form a clot.
a. Warfarin-slow acting
Aspirin
b. Heparin-fast acting
Newer anticoagulant w/ less risk of Clopidogrel
bleeding
Dipyridamole
c. Dabigatran
•
d. Apixaban
e. Rivaroxaban
HOW DO BLOOT CLOTS FORM?
 The clotting factors are
manufactured in the
liver and many of them
require Vit. K for
synthesis.

Anticoagulants supress the liver production of

Vit K dependent clotting factors therefore
slows the production of clotting factors and
makes the clotting slower and less likely to
aggregate.

Antiplatets work n different places of the

clotting cascade and prevent platelet
adhesion, therefore no clot formation.
 ANTI COAGULANTS

WARFARIN
HEPARIN
• Route: Mouth
• *works faster than warfarin
• Contraindicated in:
• Uncontrolled bleeding/hypertension • Route: IV injection, IV infusion, Deep
• Open wounds
subq injection, *should not be given thru
• Active ulcer disease
IM
• Recent brain, eye, or spinal injury • Action: Potentiates the inhibitory effect of
• Severe liver or kidney disease antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin. In
• OB: Crosses placenta and may cause fateal hemorrhage in the fetus
low doses, prevents the conversion of
and also congenital malformation prothrombin to thrombin by its effects on
• Interaction: factor Xa. Higher doses neutralize
• Drug-Drug thrombin, preventing the conversion of
• 1. Aspirin may increase the response o warfarin and the risk of
fibrinogen to fibrin.
bleeding • Contraindication and Interaction is most
• 2. Chronic use of acetaminophen may increse the risk of bleeding. like the same with warfarin.
• 3. Chronic Alcohol Ingestion may increase the action of warfarin.

ANTIPLATELET
Platelet aggregation inhibitors
work in different places of the
clotting cascade and prevent
platelet adhesion, therefore no clot
formation.
ASPIRIN
Route: Oral, Rectal or IV
Mechanism of action:
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) irreversibly inhibits
prostaglandin H synthase (cyclooxygenase-1) in platelets
and megakaryocytes, and thereby blocks the formation of
thromboxane A2 (TXA2; a potent vasoconstrictor and
platelet aggregant).
Contraindication:
- Low Vit. K
-Anemia
-Hemophilia
Interaction:
Food/Drug: Green, leafy vegetable which are high in Vit.
K can decrease how well aspirin thins blood.
Drug-Drug:
Anti-inflammatory drugs
Anti-depressants
Methotrexate
📌Clopidogrel can be synergistic with aspirin to
prevent/decrease clots.
 • Administration:
THROMBOLYTIC DRUGS
• 1. Peripheral IV line
• 2. Long catheter that is directly to the site of blockage
Thrombolytic drugs Names of drugs:
dissolve blood clots - T-PA (class of drugs that includes Activase)
by activating - Eminasee (anistreplase)
plasminogen, which
- Retavase (reteplase)
forms a cleaved
product called - Streptase (streptokinase, kabikinase)
plasmin. Plasmin is a - TNKase (tenecteplase)
proteolytic enzyme - Prognosis After Thrombolysis
that is capable of
- Although thrombolysis is usually successful, the treatment
breaking cross-links is not able to dissolve the blood clot in up to 25% of
between fibrin patients. Another 12% of patients subsequently redevelop
molecules, which the clot or blockage in the blood vessel.
provide the structural • In addition, thrombolysis alone – even when successful –
integrity of blood cannot treat tissue that has already been damaged by
clots. compromised blood circulation. So, further treatment may
be needed to address the underlying causes of the blood
clot and repair damaged tissues and organs.
 HYPERTENSION

• Also known as HIGH BLOOD

PRESSURE (HBP) is a long-term
medical condition in which the
blood pressure in the arteries is
persistently elevated.
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTENSION
 DRUGS FOR HYPERTENSION

• angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

• Inhibitors

• angiotensin II receptor antagonists,

• Alpha-blockers,

• Beta-blockers,
 CARDIOMYOPATHY

• Cardiomyopathy is a disease of
the heart muscle that makes it
harder for your heart to pump
blood to the rest of your body.
Cardiomyopathy can lead to
heart failure.
 SYMPTOMS OF CARDIOMYOPATHY

There might be no signs or symptoms in the early stages of cardiomyopathy. But as the condition advances, signs and symptoms
usually appear, including:
* Breathlessness with exertion or even at rest
* Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet
* Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup
* Cough while lying down
* Fatigue
* Heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding or fluttering
* Chest discomfort or pressure
* Dizziness, lightheadedness and fainting
 MEDICATION FOR CARDIOMYOPATHY

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

Beta blocker

Diuretics

•Digoxin
 GENERAL HEART FAILURE
TREATMENTS

Heart failure, sometimes called congestive heart failure, means the heart isn’t
pumping blood as well as it should. Heart failure does not mean that the heart
stops beating — that’s a common misperception. Instead, the heart keeps
working, but the body’s need for blood and oxygen isn’t being met.
For most people, heart failure is a long-term condition that can’t be cured. But
treatment can help keep the symptoms under control, possibly for many years.
In some cases of heart failure your heart muscles may become damaged and
weakened and the ventricles stretch to the point that the heart can’t pump
blood efficiently throughout your body. Overtime the heart can no longer keep
up with the normal demands placed on it to pump blood tp the rest of your
body
 CARDIOTONIC AGENTS

-Agents that have a reinforcing effect on the heart or can improve cardiac output. They
may be GLYCOSIDES CARDIAC; SYMPATHOMIMETICS; or other medicines. They
are used in SHOCK or in congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE) following
MYOCARDIAL INFARCT; CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES.
-Digoxin A cardiac glycoside used in the treatment of mild to moderate heart failure and
for ventricular response rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation.
-Milrinone An inotropic vasodilator agent used to treat acute, decompensated heart
failure.
 DRUGS THAT INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT

• Classification

-Digoxin

-Milrinone

-Dopamine

-Dobutamin
 MECHANISM OF ACTION

-Cardiac glycosides(digoxin) act by inhibiting sodium

and potassium ATP and then making more calcium
available to activate contracted proteins.
• Cardiac contractility and cardiac output are
increased.
 PHARMACOKINETICS

Onset, peak, and duration vary widely among

products.
Most products are metabolized in the liver and
excreted by the kidneys.
 SIDE EFFECTS

• The most common side effects are cardiac

disturbances, headache, hypotention and GI
symptoms.
• Also common are blurred vision and yellow green
halos.
 USES

• Deep venous thrombosis, MI, openheart surgery,

disseminated intravascular clotting syndrome;
atrial fibrillation with embolization, transfusion,
and dialysis.
 CONTRADICTIONS

• Hypersensitive reactions may occur, and allergies

should be identified before these products are
given.
• Also, persons with ventricular tachycardia,
ventricular fibrillation, and carotid sinus syndrome
should not use these products.