History Of Internet

• In 1969,US department of defense started a project to

allow researchers and military personnel to

communicate with each other in emergency. This project

was called ARPANET and it is the foundation of internet.

 Internet
• Interconnection of computers and computer
networks using TCP/IP communication protocol.
• What is protocol?
• A protocol is a set of rules defining
communication between systems.
 Facilities of Internet
• Email: we can send and receive message through
computers by email facility.
• E-commerce: buying and selling of products through
computer based communication network.
• Search engine: one can easily locate or search
information around the globe with the help of search
engine like google.
 Facilities of Internet
• Chatting: a person can communicate to individual and multiple
people from one computer to another using internet.
• Video conferencing: it is communication style in which people can
talk and watch each others they do so in face and face
communication.
• World wide web: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of
online content that is formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP. The
term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed
over the Internet. The World Wide Web was originally designed in
1991 by Tim Berners-Lee while he was a contractor at CERN.
 Software used for accessing internet

 Internet explorer
 Mozilla Firefox
 Goggle chrome
 Opera mini
 Safari
 Different parts of internet
• Internet address
• Domain name
• URL
• Networks
• Topologies
• Protocols
 Ip Address
• An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label assigned to each
device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
• An IP address is written in "dotted decimal" notation, which is 4 sets
of numbers separated by period each set representing 8-bit number
ranging from (0-255). An example of IPv4address is 216.3.128.12.
 Domain Name
• Domain names are used to identify one or more IP addresses. For
example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen
IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular
Web pages. For example, in the URL
http://www.pcwebopedia.com/index.html, the domain name is
pcwebopedia.com.
 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER
• An ISP is your gateway to the internet and everything else you can do
online.
• The ISP is the link or conduit between your computer and all the
other “servers” on the internet.
• Early ISPs provided internet access through dial-up modem. Now
some ISPs offer high-speed fiber optic connection.
• When you connect a modem to a telephone or cable outlet in your
house. It connects with your ISP. The ISP verifies your account assign
your modem an IP address
 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

• DSL uses a sophisticated modulation scheme to pack data onto

copper wires.
• DSL is sometimes referred to as a last-mile technology because it is
used only for connections from a telephone switching station to a
home or office, not used between switching stations.
• Through the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband
internet connection that is designed to operate over cable TV lines.
 URL
• A uniform resource locator (URL) is the address of a resource on the
Internet. A URL indicates the location of a resource as well as the
protocol used to access it. A URL contains the following information:
The protocol used to a access the resource. The location of the server
(whether by IP address or domain name).
• URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference
(an address) to a resource on the Internet. ... Protocol identifier: For
the URL http://example.com , the protocol identifier is http .
Resource name: For the URL http://example.com , the resource name
is example.com .
 Fiber Internet

• Fiber optics based broadband internet which offers up to 300Mbps

speed.
• It is a wired internet that’s lauded for its high reliability, ultra-fast
speeds and low latency.
• Fiber to home packages is good for those who share their connection
among multiple users at home or need unlimited downloads.
• 
 Networks
• A network is a set of devices connected by communication links .

Network

Local-Area Metropolitan-Area
Wide-Area Network
Network Network
Local Area Network
 Local Area Network
• A LAN (Local Area Network) is a group of computers and network devices
connected together, usually within the same building
• Smaller scope - Building or small campus
• LANs are designed to share resources between personal computers or work
stations.
• LANs are distinguished by their
• Size, Transmission Media, Topology
Metropolitan-Area Network
 Metropolitan-Area Network
• MAN consists of a medium size geographical area.
• The scope of the MAN is always a city ,town or any two or three near
by cities.
• Common example is Cable TV Network.
• A company can use a MAN to connect to all of its offices throughout a
city.
Wide Area Network
 Wide Area Network
• Large geographical area
• Usually not owned by private organizations
• WANs connect two or more individual networks using
• Transmission lines
• Switching elements / nodes
 Topology
• Topology defines how the systems are physically connected. It represents the
physical layout of the devices on the network.
• Topology means the physical design of a network including the devices,
location and cable installation
• These five types include:
• Mesh
• Bus
• Ring
• Star
• Hybrid or tree
 Protocols
• In computer networks ,communication occurs between entities in
different systems .
• An entity is anything capable of sending and receiving information.
• Two generations of IP packets is IPv4 and IPv6
A protocols defines
• What is communicated.
• How it is communicated .
• When it is communicated
 Key elements of a protocol
• Syntax
• Data formats

• Semantics
• Control information
• Error handling

• Timing
• Speed matching
• Sequencing
 Protocol standards
• Data communications standards fall into two categories :
• De jure
• De facto
 De Jure Standard
• De jure (Formal ) :  A Standard developed by an official industry or
government body.
• Those have been legislated by an officially recognized body are de
jure standards
• For example, there are formal standards for applications such as Web
browsers (e.g., HTTP, HTML), for network layer software (e.g., IP), data
link layer software (e.g., Ethernet IEEE 802.3), and for physical
hardware (e.g., V.90 modems)
 De Facto Standard
• De facto :Standards that have not been approved by an organized
body but have been adopted as standards . De facto means by
tradition or by facts.
• A de facto standard achieves its status through dominance of the
market in which it applies.
• De facto standards are those that emerge in the marketplace and are
supported by several vendors but have no official standing. Examples
of de facto standards include: the QWERTY keyboard,
the Windows operating system