Hydraulic Structures

Dr. Md. Shibly Anwar

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
DUET, Gazipur
Spillways
 Objectives
• 1. Demonstrate the Hydraulic profile design procedu
re of different Hydraulic structure by standard meth
ods.
• 2. Describe the causes of failure and stability analysi
s of Hydraulic Structures
 Course Outcomes
• Upon completion of the course the students wi
ll able to
• 1. Perform the hydraulic design of Gravity da
ms, spillways, cross- drainage works, reservoir
etc.
• 2. Check the stability of Hydraulic structure a
nd analyze the causes of failure.
 Content
Part- A
Types of hydraulic structures; Principles of design of h
ydraulic structures; barrages, weirs
Part – B ( My Part)
Design of dams, spillways, energy dissipaters and spill
way gates; Cross drainage works.
 Definition
• A hydraulic structure is a structure submerged or partia
lly submerged in any body of water, which disrupts the n
atural flow of water.
• They can be used to divert, disrupt or completely stop
the flow.
• Types of Structure-
A) Based on Material- Earth fill, Rock fill, Concrete et
c.
– B) Based on Function- Energy dissipation structure
s, Storage structures, Flow Control etc.
Read the detail about these structure
 Design of Hydraulic Structure
The design of any hydraulic structure comprises of two ste
ps:

 Hydraulic design:
Overall dimensions and profiles (Our Course Part)

 Structural design:
Various sections are analyzed for stresses under different lo
ads and reinforcement or other structural details are worked
out.
 Dams
• A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious
material built across a river to create a reservoir on i
ts upstream side for impounding water for various
purposes.
• A dam and a reservoir are complements of each ot
her.
 Classification of Dams
According to Material used for Dam Construction
Solid masonry gravity dam, earthen dams rock fill dams, Timb
er dams, Steel dam etc.

According to Function
Storage dams (Store water during surplus time), Detention da
ms ( Minimize flood effect), Diversion dams ( Fed the irrigatio
n canal)

According to Hydraulic Design

 Overflow dams
 Non-overflow dams
 Factors need to consider before selecting a site for DAM
 Topography
 Geology and Foundation conditions
 Good Site for reservoir – (i) Large storage capacity (ii) Shape
of reservoir basin (iii) Water tightness of the reservoir (iv) G
ood hydrological conditions (v) Deep reservoir (vi) Small su
bmerged area (vii) Low silt inflow (viii) No objectionable mi
nerals
 Spillway size and location
 Earthquake zone
 Height of Dam
 Availability of materials, Accessibility, Healthy surroundings
 Minimum overall cost
 Other considerations
• Problems in Dam Construction
– Fish problem
– Submergence problem
– Failure problem
– Bomb problem

• Why do we need to think about the site selection of a DAM?

• Proposed a dam site for given conditions and describe why y
ou chose this site.
 Gravity Dams
• A structure which is designed in such a way that its
own weight resist the external forces.
 Forces Acting on a Gravity Dam
 Weight of the dam Directly calculable from
 Water pressure the unit weights of the
 Uplift pressure materials and properties
of fluid pressures
 Wave pressure
 Earth and Silt pressure
 Earthquake forces Assumption available
data, experience, and
 Ice pressure
judgment
 Wind pressure
 Thermal loads
 Reaction of Foundation
Weight of the dam
 Unit weight of concrete (24
kN/m3) and masonry (23
kN/m3) varies on different
conditions.
 compute all the forces per
unit length of the dam
 Water Pressure

• Unit
  Mass of water is ta
ken as 1000 kg/m3 and
specific weight = 10 kN/
m3 instead of 9.81 kN/m
3
.
• p
 Uplift Pressure
MWL

Hʹ
H
Drainage Gallery

MWL

See Board
 Earthquake Force
• Effect of vertical acceleration
– Reduce the effective weight
– Net effective weight = W-W.Kv
– Kv= Fraction of Gravity adopted for vertical acceleration
as 0.-0.2
– Effect of Horizontal acceleration
• Hydrodynamic pressure
• Horizontal Inertia force.

• Please read the equations for earthquake for

ce from book.
Silt Pressure
Wave pressure= 19.62 hw2 kN/m act at a
distance 3/8hw above the reservoir surf
ace
Ice pressure

Read the empirical formula for these pr

essure effect. The equation will supply
during exam
 Combination of forces for design
 Load Combination A (Construction Condition) – Dam completed but
no water in reservoir and no tail water.
 Load Combination B (Normal Operating Condition) – Full reservoir e
levation, normal dry weather tail water, normal uplift; ice and silt (if a
pplicable).
 Load Combination C (Flood Discharge Condition) – Reservoir at max
imum flood pool elevation, all gates open, tail water at flood elevatio
n, normal uplift, and silt (if applicable ).
 Load Combination D - Combination A, with earthquake.
 Load Combination E - Combination B, with earthquake but no ice.
 Load Combination F - Combination C, but with extreme uplift (drains
inoperative).
 Load Combination G - Combination E, but with extreme uplift (drains
inoperative).
 Requirements for Stability
•   of failure of a gravity dam
Modes
Overturning
Compression or Crushing
Tension.
Sliding

Overturning
 If the resultant force passes outside the toe (Rare)
 Dam may fail by compression
FS= =

The factor of safety against overturning should not be less than 1.5.
Compression or Crushing
Compressive stress> Allowable stress.
• Vertical Stress distribution at toe
Compression or Crushing
 Tension
 Generally no tension allowable
 For worst condition (500 kN/m2)
 base width may reduce and this will increase Pmax in toe
 the uplift pressure increases in magnitude and net downwar
d vertical force or the stabilizing force reduces.
 The resultant will shift more towards toe and thus increase c
ompressive stress at the toe further lengthening the crack at
heel.

Thus a tension crack by itself does not fail th

e structure but leads
•   Safety against Tension

In order to ensure no tension

P min= )=0
e= B/6
 Sliding ( Shear failure)

where FS = factor of safety against sliding,

ΣW = dead load of the dam,
ΣPU = total uplift force,
μ = tan φ = coefficient of internal friction of the material (varies from 0.65 to 0.
75 for concrete),
τc = cohesion of the material or permissible shear stress at the plane considered
(=1.4 N/mm2 ~ 4 N/mm2 for concrete),
A = area under consideration for cohesion,
Fφ = partial factor of safety in respect of friction,
Fc = partial factor of safety in respect of cohesion, and
ΣFH = total horizontal force.
 Principle and shear stress
• Intensity of normal stress on face toe
σ= Pv.sec2α-Pʹ tan2α
• Pʹ = intensity of water pressure at toe D/S face
At heel
σ= Pv.sec2α-(Pʹ+Peʹ) tan2α
• Peʹ= Hydrodynamic pressure exert by tail wate
r during earth works
• Shear stress on horizontal plan
at Toe τ=( Pv-Pʹ) tan2α
At heel τ==( Pv-(P+Pe) tan2α
Math's
 Elementary Profile of a Gravity Dam

P= Hydrostatic Pressure

B/3 W=Self Wt.

p=ϒwH
CϒwH

U=Internal Uplift Pressure

Definition
 Ignore other external Pressure/ Force
 The section of the elementary profile is of the same
shape as the hydrostatic pressure distribution diagra
m.
Forces
• W=BHϒC/2 (Self Weight)
• P=ϒwH2/2 ( Hydrostatic Pressure)
• U=CBHϒw/2 ( Uplift pressure)
 Stress in Heel and Toe

When Reservoir is Empty

Hand out/ Books

When reservoir is Full

• No Tensile Stress Condition
• No Sliding Condition
• B=H/√(S
  c-C) – This is greater

• or B=H/
 Problems
• Math's Type
• Determine
• Pv at toe and Heel
• Principle stress at heel and toe
• Shear stress at heel and toe
• Location of e
• Design- base Width, free board, Height, Vertical h
eight, top width in case of low dam and high dam