UNIT II

PROJECTION OF STRAIGHT LINES

 Line Inclined to Both the Planes
1. The line makes an angle of  with the H.P.
and  with the V.P.
2. The projections of this line can be obtained
by rotating this line into two simple positions
a) Parallel to the V.P.
b) Parallel to the H.P.
 ALWAYS ROTATE H.P.
CLOCKWISE TO OPEN-OUT
TOP VIEW
I QUADRANT

N E
II QUADRANT PL A
Above H.P. I CAL
Behind V.P. ERT
V
90° I QUADRANT
Y Above H.P.
E
LI N In front of V.P.
N CE
FE RE
RE TAL
ON
X Z
I NE
R A
III QUADRANT HO PL I EW
V
N T
Below H.P. O
Behind V.P. FR
IV QUADRANT
Below H.P.
In front of V.P.
 ALWAYS ROTATE H.P.
CLOCKWISE TO OPEN-OUT
TOP VIEW
I QUADRANT

N E
PL A
I CAL
ERT
V
90° I QUADRANT
I NE Y Above H.P.
CEL In front of V.P.
REN
FE
RE AL
N T
X ZO
I NE
R A
HO PL
I EW
V
N T
O
FR
 Problem 1
A line CD 80 mm long is inclined at an angle of
30° to H.P. and 45° to V.P. The point C is 20 mm
above H.P. and 30 mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the straight line.
 Problem 1
d’ d1' Locus of d in front view
c as centre and cd1 as 80
radius draw an arc to g th
Le n
intersect the locus d top e
T ru
view at d.
c’ =30°
d '2
20
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
30

d1
c =45°
cd – Top view –H pencil Tr
(thick line) ue
Le
c’d’ – Front view –H pencil n gt
h
(thick line) 80
All other lines 2H pencil Locus of d in top view
(thin line) d d2
 Problem 2
A line PQ 75 mm long is inclined at an angle of
45 to H.P. and 30 to V.P. The point P is 15 mm
above H.P. and 20 mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections of the line.
 Problem 2
q’ q1' Locus of Q in front view
P as centre and pq1 as
radius draw an arc to 75
g th
intersect the locus q top Le n
view at q. ru e
T
p’ =45°
q2'
15
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
20

q1
p =30°
Pq – Top view –H pencil Tru
eL
(thick line) en
g th
P’q’ – Front view –H pencil 75
(thick line)
All other lines 2H pencil Locus of Q in top view
(thin line) q q2
 Problem 3
One end P of a line PQ, 55 mm long is 35 mm in
front of the V.P. and 25 mm above the H.P. The
line is inclined at 40 to the H.P. And 30 to the
V.P. Draw the projections.
 Problem 3
q’ q1' Locus of Q in front view
P as centre and pq1 as 55
radius draw an arc to g th
Le n
intersect the locus q top e
T ru
view at q.
p’ =40°
q2'
25
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
35
Pq – Top view –H pencil
(thick line) q1
P’q’ – Front view –H pencil p =30°
(thick line) Tru
All other lines 2H pencil eL
en
(thin line) g th
55
Locus of Q in top view
q q2
 Terminology of line inclined to
both the planes
d’ d1' Locus of d in front view
Front view length
'
(c’d’=c’d )
2 80 Distance between
True Length end projectors

True inclination with H.P. 

c’ =30°
Line end point c’ and d’ in d '2
front view 20
V.P
X . Y
Line end point c and d in H.P
top view .
True inclination
30
cd – Top view –H pencil with V.P. 
(thick line) d1
c’d’ – Front view –H pencil c =45°
(thick line) Tr
ue
All other lines 2H pencil Le
(thin line) n gt
h
80
Locus of d in top view
Top view length d d2
(cd=cd’1)
 Problem 4
The mid-point of a straight line AB is 60 mm
above H.P. and 50 mm in front of V.P. The line
measures 80 mm long and inclined at 30 to H.P.
And 45 to V.P. Draw its projections.
 Problem 4
b’ b1' Locus of b
m’ as centre and b '2 as
80
radius draw an arc to
m’ =30°
cut the locus of b’ at b’.
b '2

a 1' a’ 60

V.P
X . Y
a2 H.P
a
.
50
m as centre and mb1 as
radius draw an arc to
cut the locus of b at b. m =45° b1
80

Locus of b in top view

b b2
 Problem 5
A straight line AB, 84 mm long is inclined at 30°
to the H.P. and 45° to the V.P. Its mid point is 62
mm above the H.P. and 52 mm in front of the
V.P. Draw its projections.
 Problem 6
One end S of a line SR, 70 mm long is in both the
H.P. and V.P. The line is inclined at 40 to the
H.P. and 35 to the V.P. Draw its projections.
 Problem 6

r’ r1' Locus of r in front view

70

s’ =40° r1 V.P
X . Y
s =35° r2' H.P
.

s as centre and sr1 as 70

radius draw an arc to Locus of r in top view
cut the locus of r at r.
r r2
 Problem 7
A line NS, 80 mm long has its end N, 10 mm
above the H.P. And 15 mm in front of the V.P.
The other end S is 65 mm above the H.P. and 50
mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections of
the line and find its true inclinations with the
H.P. and V.P.
 Problem 7
n as centre and ns1 as s’ Locus of S in front view
radius draw an arc to 80
intersect the locus s top
view at s.
65
n’ 
s2'
10
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
15

s1
n  50

 = 42° ;  = 26°
80
Locus of S in top view
s s2
 Problem 8
A line PQ, 60 mm long has its end P, 30 mm
above the H.P. and 15 mm in front of the V.P.
The other end Q is 50 mm above the H.P. and 45
mm in front of the V.P. Draw the projections of
the line and find its true inclinations with the
H.P. and V.P.

 = 20° ;  = 30°
 Problem 9
A line LM 70 mm long, has its end L 10 mm
above H.P. and 15 mm in front of V.P. Its top
view and front view measures 60 mm and 40
mm respectively. Draw the projections of the
line and determine its true inclinations with
H.P. and V.P.
 Problem 9
l as centre and lm1 as m’ m1' Locus of m in front vie
radius draw an arc to 70
intersect the locus m
top view at m.

l’ 
m2'
10 40
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
60
15

m1
l 

 = 31°
 = 55°
Locus of m in top view
m m2
 Problem 10
A line EF, 85 mm long has its end E, 25 mm
above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P.
The top and front views of the line have lengths
of 55 mm and 70 mm respectively. Draw the
projections of the line and find its true
inclinations with H.P. and V.P.
 Problem 10
e as centre and ef1 as f’ f1' Locus of F in front view
radius draw an arc to 85
intersect the locus f top
view at f.

e’ 
f 2'
25 70
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
55
20
f1
e 

 = 49°
 = 35°
Locus of F in top view
f f2
 Problem 11
A line measuring 75 mm long has one of its ends
50 mm in front of V.P. and 15 mm above H.P.
The top view of the line is 50 mm long. Draw
and measure the front view. The other end is 15
mm in front of V.P. and is above H.P.
 Problem 11
Top view 50 mm b’ b1' Locus of b’
a as centre and 50 mm 75
radius draw an arc to
intersect the locus of b
at b.
a’ 

15
V.P
X . Y
H.P
15 . b
b Locus of

50

a’ b’ = 66 mm

a b1
50
 Problem 12
A straight line AB, 78 mm long has one of its end
50 mm in front of V.P. and 15 mm above the
H.P. The length of the top view of the line is 52
mm. The other end is 16 mm in front of the V.P.
and is above the H.P. Draw the front view and
measure its length. Also determine the true
inclinations of the line.
 Problem 13
The end P of a line PQ, 70 mm long is 15 mm
above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P. Q
is 40 mm above the H.P. Its top view is inclined
at 45° to the V.P. Draw the projections of the
line and find its true inclinations with the V.P.
and the H.P.
 Problem 13
P’ as centre radius 70 q’ q1' Locus of Q in front view
mm (T.L) draw an arc to 70
cut the locus Q

40
p’ 

15
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
20

p q1

45°

 = 21° ;  = 41°
70
Locus of Q in top view
q
q2
 Problem 14
One end P of a line PQ, 80 mm long is 10 mm
above the H.P. and 15 mm in front of the V.P.
The line is inclined at 40° to the H.P. and the top
view makes 50° with the V.P. Draw the
projections of the line and find its true
inclination with the V.P.

 = 35°
 Problem 15
One end P of a line PQ, 80 mm long is 25 mm
above the H.P. and 20 mm in front of the V.P.
The line is inclined at 35° to the V.P. Its top view
has a length of 50 mm. Draw the projections of
the line and find its true inclination with the H.P.

 = 51°
 Problem 16
The end P of a line PQ is in the H.P. and 40 mm
in front of the V.P. The end Q is in the V.P. The
front view of the line makes an angle of 40° with
the horizontal and has a length of 85 mm. Draw
the projections of the line and find its true
length and true inclinations with the H.P. and
the V.P.

 = 36° ;  = 25°

True length = 94 mm
 Problem 17
A line PQ has its end P, 10 mm above the H.P.
and 20mm in front of the V.P. The end Q is 35
mm in front of the V.P. The front view of the line
measures 75 mm. The distance between the end
projectors is 50 mm. Draw the projections of the
line and find its true length and its inclinations
with the V.P. and the H.P.
 Problem 17
P’ as centre and front q’ q1' Locus of Q in front view
view length (75 mm) 75
radius, draw an arc to
cut the locus at q’

p’ 
q '2
10
V.P
X . Y
H.P
.
50
20
q1
35
p 
True length = 76 mm
 = 45°
 = 11°
Locus of Q in top view
q q2
 Problem 18
The distance between the projectors of two
points A and B is 70 mm. Point A is 10 mm above
H.P. and 15 mm in front of V.P. Point B is 50 mm
above H.P. and 40 mm in front of V.P. Find the
shortest distance between A and B by Rotating
line method. Measure the true inclinations of
the line AB with V.P. and H.P.

True length = 85 mm
 = 28°
 = 17°