CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Bachelor of Engineering (Civil Engineering)
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING(CET-283)

HIGHWAY MATERIALS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 • Space for visual (size 24)

HIGHWAY MATERIALS

Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 What are the Function and Significance of Subgrade Remember

Properties?  
CO2 Define Characteristics of soil. Remember
 
CO3 Define Subgrade Soil. Understand

CO4 Explain evaluation of Strength of Subgrade Soil. Understand

 
CO4 Explain California Bearing Ratio Test . Understand
 

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 Subgrade Soil
INTRODUCTIO • Granular or Coarse grained

N • Fine Grained
• Organic
Classification & Identification of soil as subgrade
Soil consists of mineral matter formed by material
disintegration of rocks by the action of
• Index Properties
water, frost, temperature, pressure.
Characteristics depends on size, shape,  Size distribution
surface texture, chemical composition.  Liquid limit
 Plasticity Index
 Shrinkage Limit
 Field Moisture Equivalent – adsorbed
water
 Compacted Dry Density

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Subgrade Soil Strength
Assessed in terms of CBR of subgrade soil for most critical moisture conditions.
• Soil type
• Moisture Content
• Dry Density
• Internal Structure of the soil
• Type and Mode of Stress Application.

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Subgrade Performance
• Load bearing capacity:
Affected by degree of compaction, moisture content, and soil type.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test.

• Moisture content:
Affects subgrade properties like load bearing capacity, shrinkage and swelling.
Influenced by drainage, groundwater table elevation, infiltration, or pavement porosity

• Shrinkage and/or swelling:

Soils with excessive fines content may be susceptible to frost heave in northern
climates.

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Moisture Content
• Water table
• Precipitation
• Soil Permeability
• Drainage conditions
• Extent to which pavement is water proof

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Stability of Soil
• Stability of Soil depends on stress -deformation characteristics of soil.

• Repeated Application of Stress:

 Frequency of Loading cycle
 Magnitude of stress
 Number of Repetitions .

• Static Stress :
 Period of stress application
 Intensity of Stress

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Evaluation of Strength of Subgrade Soil
• Shear Test
• direct shear test, triaxial compression test, and unconfined
compression test.
• Bearing Test
• Penetration Test

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California Bearing Ratio Test
• A penetration test wherein a standard piston, having an area of 3 in
(or 50 mm diameter), is used to penetrate the soil at a standard rate
of 1.25 mm/minute.
• The pressure up to a penetration of 12.5 mm and it's ratio to the
bearing value of a standard crushed rock is termed as the CBR.

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Stone aggregates
• Aggregates are the major portion of pavement structure .
• They have to bear stress occurring due to wheel loads.
• They are used in the pavement construction.
• Aggregates are specified based on their grain size , shape , texture and it gradation
Properties of Aggregates
• Strength
• Durability
• Toughness
• Hardness
• Shape of aggregates
• Adhesion with bitumen

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TEST ON AGGREGATES
• Aggregate Impact Test

• Flakiness and Elongation Test

• Los Angeles Abrasion Test

• Water Absorption Test

• Specific Gravity Test

• Soundness Test

• Bitumen adhesion test

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Aggregate impact test
• To find toughness of stone or aggregate
• Aggregate impact testing machine is used
• Specimen taken passing 12.5 sieve and retain on 10 mm sieve .
• Value of aggregate impact should not exceed 30% for wearing course.
• 35% for bituminous macadam
• 40% for water bound macadam

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Flakiness and elongation test
• Flakiness index is the percentage by weight of aggregate particles
whose least dimension is less than three fifth of their mean
dimension .
• Test is applicable for sizes larger than 6.3 mm
• Elongation index is percentage weight of particles whose greatest
dimension is greater than four fifth their mean dimension .
• Value of flakiness and elongation should not exceed 15% for road use.

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 Specific gravity and water absorption test
• It is considered to measure of the quality and strength of material.
• Low Specific gravity weaker stones and vice versa.
• Specific gravity of aggregates range form 2.6 to 2.9
• Bituminous material
• These materials are bitumen and tar.
• Bitumen: distillation of petroleum crude.
• Tar: Destructive distillation of coal or wood.
• Bitumen: distillation of petroleum crude.
• Tar: Destructive distillation of coal or wood.

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 Bitumen
• It is hydrocarbon material
• It is commonly used in highway construction because of their binding and their waterproofing properties.
• Grades of bitumen for pavement construction is called paving grades.
• For waterproofing called industrial grades.
• Test on bitumen
• Penetration test
• Ductility test
• Viscosity test
• Float test
• Specific gravity test
• Softening test
• Spot test
• Loss on heating test
• Water content test

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 Bitumen Emulsion
• Bitumen emulsion is a liquid product in which bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition in an aqueous medium
and stabilized by suitable material.
• The bitumen content in the emulsion is around 60% and the remaining is water.
• Three types of bituminous emulsions are available, which are Rapid setting (RS), Medium setting (MS), and Slow setting
(SC).
• Bitumen emulsions are ideal binders for hill road construction.
• Rapid setting emulsions are used for surface dressing work.
• Medium setting emulsions are preferred for premix jobs and patch repairs work.
• Slow setting emulsions are preferred in rainy season.

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FAQ
• What is cut back bitumen?
• What are the different test of tar?
• What is Tar?
• What is Emulsion?
• Viscosity test

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 REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/ShubhamSadh/highway-engineering-topics
• https://www.slideshare.net/kavin_raval/highway-engineering-ppt
• http://www.nptel.ac.in/courses/105101087/
• Principles and Practices of highway Engineering (Dr. L.R Kadyali)
• Highway Engineering (Khanna & Justo)
• https://www.google.co.in/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi&authuser=0

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THANK YOU

For queries
Email: aditya.civil@cumail.in