C

Community
ommunity College
College Of
Of Qatar
Qatar
Math
Math &
& Science
Science Department
Department

GENERAL CHEMISTRY LAB

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lamia Ismayil

Data Treatment, Graphical
Representation of Data

Laboratory 2
• Representation (‫ ) لا))تمثيل‬of data ‫بيانات‬
( ))‫ ) لا‬is the base
for any field of study.
• Scientists (‫ ) لا))علماء‬in different fields
collect data in many different forms.

William Playfair's graph was one of the first examples of the visual
representation of numerical data.
 Science
• Science is a way of learning about the natural
world.
• What?
• Why?
• How?
• When?
 Science and Technology
• Theoretical ‫ي‬ ( ‫ ) ن)ظر‬Chemistry - Design of new compound
and new ideas; 2 categories: pure ‫ي‬ ( )‫ ) نق‬and applied
‫ي‬
( ‫طبيق‬
)))‫) ت‬.
• Science  Pure
– Does not necessarily have an application; just knowing
for knowledge’s sake (‫ ;)مصلحة‬research
• Technology  Applied
– Has practical applications
in society
– Directed toward (‫) موجه) ل‬
a practical goal/application
– Engineering
 Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)
China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt
•Aiming to ‫ى‬
( ‫هدف ل‬
‫ا‬ ‫) ي‬:
Change common metals to gold.
Develop medicines.
•Developed lab equipment ‫دات‬
( ‫)مع‬.
•Mystical.
 Antoine Lavoisier
(France 1743-1794)
• Regarded as the Father of Chemistry
• Designed equipment
• Used observations and measurements.
• Discovered nitrogen
• Law of Conservation of Mass
 The Scientific Method
• Steps followed during scientific investigations
• Logical, problem solving technique
• Fathers of the scientific method is Galileo Galilei
and Francis Bacon
 • Observation - recognition of a problem
– Visible or provable fact
– From that a question arises (problem statement)
Problem statement is a question that compares
variables.
Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling
temperature of water?

Observation ‫المالحظة‬
recognition ‫التعرف على‬
Visible ‫مرئي‬
provable ‫يمكن برهانه‬
problem statement ‫عرض المشكلة‬
compare ‫قارن‬
variable ‫متغير‬
• Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an observation
– an educated guess
– must be testable
– Is a statement NOT a question that expresses the expected
answer to the problem statement (what you think the results of
the experiment will show)
• If you increase the amount of salt added to the water, the
boiling temperature will also increase because

Hypothesis ‫فرضية‬
explanation ‫تفسير‬
proposed ‫المقترح‬
guess ‫خمن‬
testable ‫قابلة لالختبار‬
• Experiment- an organized procedure used to test a
hypothesis (measurement, data collection, manipulated and
responding variables)
– Planned way to test the hypothesis and find out the answer to the
problem posed
– Way to collect data and determine the value of the dependent
variable
– Compares independent variable to the dependent variable
– Can only test one dependent variable at a time

procedure ‫إجراء‬
Experiment ‫تجربة‬
manipulated ‫التالعب‬
responding ‫االستجابة‬
determine ‫تحديد‬
dependent ‫يعتمد‬
• 3 parts of an experiment
– Control-standard for comparison
– Variables
Independent Variable ()‫) لا))متغير لا))تابع‬
Dependent Variable (‫)متغير مستقل‬
– Constants ‫بت‬( )‫ ) لا))ثوا‬- parts of your experiment that do
not change
• Independent Variable
– A variable that changes unrelated ()‫ ) غير مرتبطه‬to other factors
– A variable we manipulate (‫) مع)لا))جة‬, change, on purpose (‫عن ق))صد‬
– A variable whose value we know before we start an
experiment
– Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling
temperature of water? We know how much salt we add to
each amount of water before boiling so amount of salt is the
independent variable
• Dependent Variable
– A variable that changes depending on some other factors
– The variable we are trying to find out
– Variable whose value we do not know before we start the
experiment
– Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the boiling
temperature of water? We do not know the boiling
temperature of water once salt is added; must test to find this
out
• Constants ‫بت‬
( )‫) لا))ثوا‬
– Does not change for the duration (‫ ) لا))مدة لا))زمنية‬of the
experiment
– Remains ‫ى‬ ( ‫ ) ي))بق‬the same
– Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect the
boiling temperature of water? We would not change
the brand of salt or the amount of water (or type of
water)
 Experimental data
• Visual representations of scientific data have been used for centuries.
Numerical data are initially compiled ‫جمعت‬
( ‫ ) ف)))يا))لبدا)ية‬in tables or
databases, but the visual presentation of numerical data in the form of
graphs is a more recent development (‫)ا))لتطورا)تا))لجديدة‬.
• Analyze
– Look for patterns (‫ ) ن)مط‬in experimental data
– 2 types of data
Quantitative = numbers
Qualitative = observations
– Data presented via tables or graphs
3 types of graphs: circle (pie), bar, line
• Tables
– Simplest way to summarize data
– Data is presented as absolute numbers or percentages
• Charts and graphs
– Visual representation of data
– Usually data is presented using percentages

summarize ‫لخص‬
Simples ‫يبسط‬
absolute ‫مطلق‬
percentage ‫النسبة المئوية‬
 Use the right type of graphic
• Charts and graphs
– Bar chart: comparisons, categories of data
– Histogram: represents relative frequency of
continuous data
– Line graph: display trends over time, continuous
data (ex. cases per month)
– Pie chart: show percentages or proportional share

comparisons ‫مقارنات‬
relative frequency ‫التردد النسبي‬
continuous data ‫البيانات المستمرة‬
trends over time ‫االتجاهات مع مرور الوقت‬
proportional share ‫حصة متناسبة‬
Bar chart
 Line graph
Number of Clinicians* Working in Each Clinic During Years 1-4, Country Y

5
Number of clinicians

4
Clinic 1
3
Clinic 2
2 Clinic 3

0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

*Includes doctors and nurses.

 Pie chart

Malaria Cases
8

10

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
23 59
 Scientific Method
The cafeteria wanted to
collect data on how much
milk was sold in 1 week.
The table shows the Day Chocolate Strawberry White

results. We are going to Monday

Tuesday
53
72
78
97
126
87
take this data and display it Wednesday 112 73 86
Thursday 33 78 143
in 3 different types of Friday 76 47 162

graphs.
• Bar Graph
– A bar graph is used to show relationships between groups.
– The two items being compared do not need to affect (‫ ) ت)))ؤثر‬each
other.
– It's a fast way to show big differences. Notice how easy it is to read a
bar graph.
– Often used for counting (‫)ع)د‬.
Chocolate Milk Sold

120
112

100

80 76
Amount Sold

72

60 53

40
33

20

0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Monday Tuesday
Wednesday Thursday Day
Friday
• Circle graph (a.k.a. pie chart)
– Used to show how a part of something relates to the whole (‫ي))تعلق‬
‫)ب)))ا))لكل‬.
– This kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively.
– Sum of parts is 1 or 100%
Chocolate Milk Sold

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
• Line Graph
– A line graph is used to show continuing data; how one thing is
affected by another.
– It's clear to see how things are going by the rises and falls
(‫ ) ي))رتفع) ويسقط‬aline graph shows.
– Equation (‫ ) مع)ادلة‬of line represents the data.
Chocolate MIlk Sold

120

100

80
Amount Sold

60

40

20

0
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

Day

Chocolate
• Choosing the right graph for your data
– Use a bar graph if you are not looking for trends (or
patterns) over time; and the items (or categories) are
not parts of a whole.
– Use a pie chart if you need to compare different parts of
a whole, there is no time involved and there are not too
many items (or categories).
– Use a line graph if you need to see how a quantity has
changed over time.  Line graphs enable us to find
trends (or patterns) over time.

trends (or patterns) over time ‫االتجاهات (أو األنماط) بمرور الوقت‬
whole ‫كامل‬
compare ‫قارن‬
quantity ‫كمية‬
enable ‫مكن‬
 Tables: Frequency distribution
Choose the graph for the following data.

Year Number of cases

2000 4 216 531
2001 3 262 931
2002 3 319 339
2003 5 338 008
2004 7 545 541
2005 9 181 224
2006 8 926 058
2007 9 610 691
 Scientific Method
• Conclusion
– Presents the findings of the experiment, what the
data shows, the hypothesis and whether or not it was
correct (supported) or incorrect (negated)
– Theorizes why the observed pattern is so

supported ‫أيد‬
correct ‫صيح‬
incorrect (negated) )‫غير صحيح (مغذى‬
theorizes ‫نظري‬
findings ‫الموجودات‬
conclusion ‫خالصة‬
• Communicate
– When scientists collaborate (work together) and communicated,
they increase the likelihood of a successful outcome
• Journals
• Internet
• Presentations/Speeches

•Observation
Something you confirm, something you have seen, a fact
•Inference
An abstract or general idea derived from specific instances
Communicate ‫نقل‬ abstract or general idea ‫فكرة مجردة أو عامة‬
collaborate ‫تعاون‬ derived ‫مستمد‬
likelihood ‫أرجحية‬ specific instances ‫حاالت محددة‬
a successful outcome ‫نتيجة ناجحة‬ Inference ‫اإلستنباط‬
confirm ‫تؤكد‬
“No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein