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M.Sc mathematics
UNIVERSITY O F EDUCATION L A H O R E
(Township)
What is interpoartion? & its different types polynomials Approximation?
Ans: Interporation is the technique if estimating the value of function for any intermediate value of the
independent variable, while the process of computing the value of function outside the given range is called
extrapolation.
Types of interpolation:
Some types of interpolation are given.
Polynomial interpolation
Trigonometric interpolation
Spline interpolation
Methods
Interpolation method
Inverse interpolating method.
Lagrange’s inverse
1. Newton’s forward Newton’s divided
interpolation formula interpolation foumula.
difference formula.
2. Newton’s backward Lagrange’s formula.
interpolation formula
3. Gauss’s forward
interpolation formula
4. Gauss’s backward
interpolation formula
5. Stirlings formula
6. Bessel’s formula
Interpolation with equal interval.
x : x0 , x1, x2 , x3 ,....xn
y : y0 , y1, y2 , y3 ,...yn
Forward Differences :
The differences y1 y0 , y2 y1, y3 y2 ......yn yn1 when denoted by dy0 , dy1, dy2......dyn1
Are respectively , called the first forward differences thus the first forward differences are:
yr yr 1 yr
x y y 2
y 3
y 4
y
x0 y0 y0
2
y
x1 x h
0
y1
y 0 3
y
1 0
2 4
y y
x2 x 2h
0
y2
y 1 3
y 0
2 1
2
y
x3 x 3h
0
y3
y 2
x4 x 4h
0
y4
Newton’s GREGORY BACKWARD Interpolation :
Backward Difference :
The differences y1 y0 , y2 y1, y3 y2 ......yn yn1 when denoted by dy0 , dy1, dy2 ......dyn
Respectively , are called first backward differences . the first backward differences are
yr yr yr 1
x y y 2
y 3
y 4
y
x0 y0
y
1 2
y
x1 x h
0
y1
y
2 3
y
2
3
2 4
y y
x2 x 2h
0
y2
y 3 3
y4
4
3 2
y
x3 x 3h
0
y3 y4 4
x4 x 4h
0
y4
Which is used to obtain the value of a function at an intermediate point within the range of a discrete set of known data
points.
If the step size of each two points is same is called equal interval i.e,
h1 x1 x0 , h2 x2 x1,...... if hi xi xi1 hi hj ,i j
x y y 2
y 3
y 4
y
x2 x0 2h y2 y2
2
y
x1 x h
0
y1 y1 2 3
y
2
2 4
y y
x0 x0 y0 1 3 2
y y
1
1
2
y1 y
x1 x h
0 y2 0
x2 x0 2h y2