Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communications
Tenth Edition
by William Stallings
Frame synchronization
Flow control
Error control
Addressing
Link management
Flow Control
Technique for assuring that a transmitting
entity does not over-whelm a receiving
entity with data
The receiving entity typically allocates a data
buffer of some maximum length for a transfer
When data are received, the receiver must do
a certain amount of processing before
passing the data to the higher-level software
Inthe absence of flow control, the
receiver’s buffer may fill up and overflow
while it is processing old data
Source Destination Source Destination
Frame 1 Frame 1
Frame 1 Frame 1
Frame 2 Frame 2
Frame 2
Frame 3 Frame 3
Time
Frame 3 Frame 3
Frame 4 Frame 4
Frame 4 Garbled
frame
Frame 5 Frame 5
Frame 5 Frame 5
Frame
t0 + a T R t0 + 1 T R
t0 + 1 T R t0 + a T R
t0 + 1 + a T R t0 + 1 + a T R
ACK
t0 + 1 + 2a T R t0 + 1 + 2a T R
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Window of frames
Frames already received that may be accepted
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Damaged frames
Negative - frame arrives
Retransmission acknowledgment but some of
after timeout and the bits are in
retransmission
error
Automatic Repeat Request
(ARQ)
Collective name
for error control Stop-and-wait
mechanisms
Effect of ARQ is to Go-back-N
turn an unreliable
Selective-reject
data link into a
reliable one
Versions of ARQ
Stop and Wait ARQ
Source
transmits
single frame
Frame trans-
mission time
Propagation time
ACK trans-
mission time
Time
Time-out interval
Frame 0 lost;
A retransmits
Time-out interval
ACK0 lost;
A retransmits
B discards
duplicate frame
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 ...
S
RR7 lost
k=3, W=7 retx
Ö
R
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 ...
S
RR4 lost
k=3, W=4 retx
R x
A B A B
discarded by buffered by
receiver receiver
4 retransmitted
4, 5, and 6
retransmitted
Timeout
Timeout
Station types
Primary - controls operation of link
Secondary - under control of primary station
Combined - issues commands and responses
Link configurations
8 8 8 or 16 variable 16 or 32 8
bits extendable
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8n
0 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I: Information 0 N(S) P/F N(R)
N(S) = Send sequence number
N(R) = Receive sequence number
S: Supervisory 1 0 S P/F N(R) S = Supervisory function bits
M = Unnumbered function bits
P/F = Poll/final bit
U: Unnumbered 1 1 M P/F M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Information 0 N(S) P/F N(R)
111111111111011111101111110
After bit-stuffing
1111101111101101111101011111010
8 8 8 or 16 variable 16 or 32 8
bits extendable
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8n
0 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I: Information 0 N(S) P/F N(R)
N(S) = Send sequence number
N(R) = Receive sequence number
S: Supervisory 1 0 S P/F N(R) S = Supervisory function bits
M = Unnumbered function bits
P/F = Poll/final bit
U: Unnumbered 1 1 M P/F M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Information 0 N(S) P/F N(R)
HDLC defines three types of frames, each with a different control field format
Information frames (I-frames)
Data Transfer
Disconnect
requested number them higher-layer user
Specifies whether 3- or sequentially Sends disconnect
7-bit sequence numbers Receive Ready (RR) is (DISC) frame
are to be used used when there is no Remote entity replies
reverse user data traffic with a UA
Any outstanding
unacknowledged
I-frames may be lost
• Recovery is the
responsibility of
higher layers
N(S) N(R)
A B A B A B
Time-
out
(a) Link setup and disconnect (b) Two-way data exchange (c) Busy condition
A B A B
Time-
out