Google Meet 2A

21 October 2020
st

Chapter 11:
Stars and Galaxies in the Universe
Content Standard
11.1 STARS AND GALAXIES IN THE
UNIVERSE
Stars
Galaxies
• A set of bodies consisting millions of stars with gas and dust
particles.
• Shape of galaxies are divided into three forms:
a. Spiral galaxies
‐ Shape like a disc with arm spiralling outwards.
b. Elliptical galaxies
‐ Looks like a circle and almost flat.
c. Irregular galaxies
‐ Irregular caused by the gravitational force of other galaxies.
• Our solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxy.
 Types of galaxies

S p iral Elliptical Irregular

Examples: Examples: Examples:

• Andromeda • Ursa Major • Small Magellanic Cloud
• The Milky Way • Messier 87 • Large Magellanic Cloud
The Milky Way
• The Milky Way is a medium-large spiral galaxy.
• Our solar system is located at the edge of the spiral arms of The Milky way.
• The Milky Way consists of approximately 200 billion stars and the Sun is one of
it.
Stars
 The life Cycle of a Star (Nebula Hypothesis)

Medium- White
Red giant
sized
star dwarf

Nebula Large star Red giant Neutron

Supergiant Supe rnova star

Super
Red giant Supergiant Supernova Black hole
large star
Birth of Stars
• Stars are formed from nebulae.
• Nebulae are large clouds consisting of dust particles and gases such as
hydrogen and helium.
The gases and dust particles in a The globe of gases will shrink and
nebula are pulled by a strong compress due to strong
gravitational force which causes it gravitational forces until they form
to form a globe. a dense core.

When the temperature of and pressure in the core The core will shine
become too high, a nuclear reaction will take place. and a star is form.
Hydrogen gas turns into helium. A huge amount of
heat energy and light is released.
• The star is now known as protostar.
• It continues to expand into an average star like the Sun or a massive star.
Death of Stars
• In a star, a lot of heat is generated which will heat up the outermost layer of
the star.
• As a result, hydrogen within this layer starts to burn. This cause the star to
expand.
• During this stage, the star appears red in colour and is called a red giant.
‐ If the red giant is not massive it become white dwarf.
‐ If the red giant is big enough, it contracts quickly that a supernova occurs.
• A supernova is extremely bright. It can be seen in daylight.
• This explosion produces the neutron star if the original star is a large star.
• If the original star is a super-large star, a black hole is formed.
‐ Light could not escape from the black hole.
‐ Any matter that enters it cannot escape too.
Relative Size Comparison between the Earth and the Universe
Characteristic of Stars

Brightness

Size

C olour Characteristic
to classify
stars

Temperature

Distance
 Colour

Yellowish- Bluish-
Red Orange Yellow white White white Blue

Temperature 3500 - 5000 - 6000 - 7500 - 11000 -

(K) <3500 5000 6000 7500 11000 25000 >25000

Hotter

Red Orange Yellow White Whitish-blue Blue

Stars have different sizes: the really big ones are called supergiant stars,
big stars are called giant stars while the really small ones are called dwarf
stars. The brightness of a star depends on its size, distance and surface
temperature. The brightest stars in the sky are Sirius and Rigel.

Dwarf
Gi an t
Supergiant
Thank
You