 In 1665, ________ ________

reported that living things

were composed of little
boxes or cells.
 1673-1723, _______ ____
_______________– first to
describe live microorganisms
that he observed in teeth
scrapings and pond water
 The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving
matter is called _______________ _________________.
According to spontaneous generation, a “_________
_______” forms life.
 The alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms
arise from preexisting life, is called ______________.
 In 1858, Rudolf ____________ said that cells arise from
preexisting cells.
 Cell Theory: All living things are composed of _________
and come from preexisting ___________.
 Beginning in 1668, experiments were conducted to either prove
or disprove spon gen.
 But before we get into that, let’s talk about experimental design.
Some terms:
 Control – something that is used as a constant and unchanging standard
of _______________ in an experiment
 Variable – factor, trait, condition, etc that ___________in an experiment
 Manipulated/Independent variable – variable that is changed
(manipulated) by the scientist; only one of these in an experiment
 Responding/Dependent variable – variable that responds to and
depends upon the ___________________ variable
 Experimental group - group in an experiment that receives the
_____________________ variable
 Control group – group in an experiment that does NOT receive the
_____________________ variable
 Chemists working for LiveLonger Pharmaceuticals believe that they have
developed a drug that will lengthen human life. This potential drug needs
to be tested before LiveLonger can apply for a patent from the Food and
Drug Administration for production of their life-lengthening drug.
 Research scientists from LiveLonger test the drug as follows:
 5,000 individuals involved; 2500 60-year-old non-smoking men and 2500 60-
year-old non-smoking women
 50% are given a pill containing the drug; 50% are given a placebo
 Study conducted over a five-year period
 Controls?
 Manipulated variable?
 Responding variable?
 Experimental group?
 Control group?
Experimental design (2:39)
•1668: Francesco Redi (biogenesis) placed decaying meat in
nine jars then made these observations:

Conditions Results
3 sealed jars No maggots on the
meat
3 open jars Maggots on the meat

3 jars covered with fine No maggots on the

net meat
Where did the maggots come from?
What was the purpose of the open jars?
What was the manipulated variable?
•1745: John Needham (spon gen) put boiled nutrient
broth into flasks.

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth Microbial growth

boiled, poured into
flasks, and then
sealed
Where did the microbes come from?
What error did he make?
•1767: Lazzaro Spallanzani (biogenesis) boiled
nutrient solutions in sealed flasks.

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth placed No microbial growth

in flask, sealed, then
boiled
Needham claims, “The ‘vital force’ was
destroyed!”
•1861: Louis Pasteur (biogenesis) demonstrated that
microorganisms are present in the air.

Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed Microbial growth
in flask, boiled, not
sealed
Nutrient broth placed No microbial growth
in flask, sealed, then
boiled
Why the difference?
 1864-1865: Pasteur boiled broth in open swan-necked
flasks and let the flasks sit for a __________. No
__________ grew in the broth. He then broke off the
necks and within a few hours the flasks were teeming
with _________________.
Part Two: Microscopy
History of the Microscope (4:40)
A ________ __________
has only one lens.
____ _______________
was obsessed with lens
grinding. He ground single
lenses that could magnify
_____x; they were by far
the ________ in the world
at that time.

Leeuwenhoek Video (2:00)

1595: First ____________
microscope; made by Hans
and Zaccharias Janssen
_____ lenses: one at the
top and one at the bottom
Poor __________ and low
__________, but it paved
the way
In a ______________
microscope the image
from the objective lens
is ______________ again
by the ocular lens.
Total magnification =
_____ lens  _____ lens
 _______________ is the
ability of the lenses to
distinguish two points.
 A microscope with a resolving
power of 4nm can distinguish
between two points ≥ 4nm.
If less than 4nm apart, then
the two points appear as one.
 The better the ___________,
the finer the detail.
 Visible light, because of its
long _____________, limits
light microscopes to _____x.
Uses _________ instead of ________.
The shorter ____________ of electrons gives far greater
____________ than visible or UV light and can therefore
show the smallest objects known.
Ultrathin sections of specimens must be used.
Electrons pass through specimen, then an ____________________ lens to a
screen or film.
Internal chamber is a ___________.

How a TEM works

(1:48)
10,000-100,000 (5,000,000x max)
Resolution 2.5 nm
Great for examining viruses and internal cellular structures
An electron gun produces a beam of ___________ that
_________ the surface of a whole specimen.
100-10,000x (300,000x max)
Resolution 20 nm
Great for examining surface features
 Individual silicon atoms

Scanning tunneling
microscope uses a
metal __________ to
__________ the surface
of a specimen.
Produces an image that
reveals the ridges and
depressions of “Molecular Man”
individual _________ Image made
from scanning
Resolution: 1/100 of an 28 CO molecules
on platinum
atom!!
Most _____________
microscope on earth!
From the simple….
(couple of thousand $$)

to the complex!
(hundreds of thousands)