EE379K/EE394V Smart Grids: Ancillary Services

EE379K/EE394V Smart Grids:
Ancillary Services
Julia Ross Baldick,
Matevosyan, Department of
ERCOT, Inc. Electrical and
Computer
Engineering
Spring 2019
Copyright © 2019 1
From David Maggio’s presentation:
Real-Time Operations
 Monitoring the system between SCED dispatch intervals
 Responses to SCED instructions
 Frequency and area control error
 Reserves
 Ancillary Services, Physical Responsive Capability,
capacity available for economic dispatch, etc.
 Forced outage detection
 Current status of equipment vs. planned state
 State of applications (i.e., last run time)
Copyright © 2019 2
Outline
 AS Definition and Need
 Frequency control, ACE, AGC
 ERCOT’s Ancillary Services
 Changes to ERCOT’s Resource Mix
 Changes to ERCOT’s AS Requirements
and Situational Awareness Tools
 Key Takeaways
 Homework Assignment
Copyright © 2019 3
What is Ancillary Service?
 In ERCOT Protocols: Ancillary Service – A service necessary to

support the transmission of energy to load while maintaining
reliable operation of the system…
 Ancillary Services in ERCOT include all reserves (Responsive,

Regulation, Non-Spin)
 In other areas, the term AS may also include voltage support,

emergency reserves and black start service.
Copyright © 2019 4
Need for Ancillary Services in ERCOT
 ERCOT is a single
interconnection
 Imbalance in ERCOT
system due to generation
or load change needs to
be corrected internally
with internal reserves
 Interconnected areas
may rely on their
neighbors for help with
balance over the tie-lines
Copyright © 2019 5
Outline
 Frequency Control, ACE, AGC
 Key Takeaways
Copyright © 2019 6
General Reserve Deployment Sequence
after a Generator Trip
Copyright © 2019 7
Primary Frequency Control, Generation
 All online generators (except nuclear) are required to provide

Primary Frequency Response (PFR) with pre-set droop and
dead-band.
 Wind and solar generation resources are also required to have
PFR (over-frequency whenever in operation, under-frequency
when under curtailment).
 Nuclear generation is exempt.
Source for the tables: NERC BAL-TRE-001
Copyright © 2019 8
Primary Frequency Response, Load
 In ERCOT, some industrial loads are qualified to provide frequency

response during generation trip events
 These load resources are equipped with under-frequency relays
 If frequency is at or below 59.7 Hz, the relays will trip within 0.5
seconds, freeing up some generation capacity
 Full response from a load resource is faster than full PFR from
generators
 Types of participating industries:
 Industrial process plants that produce chemicals
 Air separation plants that extract industrial gas
 Natural gas compression sites that are part of pipeline operation
 Oil field loads
 Industrial process loads (i.e., cement plants, manufacturing plants)
 Limited number of large commercial sites, mainly data centers
Copyright © 2019 9
Physical Responsive Capacity Monitoring
 ERCOT monitors all capacity available for Primary

Frequency Response, called Physical Responsive
Capacity (PRC).
 For each online generator, the capacity that counts

toward PRC is the available “headroom” or 20% of
installed capacity, whichever is less:
 Headroom is max capacity minus generation.
 For loads, all load resources equipped with under-

frequency relays count toward PRC.
Copyright © 2019 10
Secondary Control: Area Control Error and
Automatic Generation Control
 Area Control Error (ACE) is a continuous measure of area imbalance

(deviations of area scheduled transmission flows and grid frequency)

 In ERCOT, tie-line interchange error term () is not needed

 are meter error correction and time error correction in MW
 The goal of a balancing area authority is to keep the ACE close to zero
 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) is used to minimize the ACE by
updating the set point of participating generators (in ERCOT every 4
seconds)
 The AGC set point is calculated by a controller with a proportional-
integral (PI) characteristic, based on the following equation and
distributed between all participating generators :
 In ERCOT, integral term is not included in AGC controller
Tertiary Control
 Tertiary Control in ERCOT is done through Security

Control Economic Dispatch (SCED)
 In each 5-min run SCED tries to dispatch down the

generators, on which reserves are deployed and thus
“free” them up for the next event
 To maintain power balance, other generators, not

carrying reserves are being dispatched up instead.
Copyright © 2017 – Draft Version 12

Outline
 Key Takeaways
ERCOT’s Ancillary Services
Regulation Up
Regulation Down
Responsive
Non-Spin
Responsive Reserve Service
RRS provides operating reserves intended to:

 Arrest frequency decay within the first few seconds of a
significant frequency deviation on the ERCOT grid
(deployment as PFR)
 After the first few seconds of a significant frequency
deviation, to help restore used-up reserves (release of
capacity to SCED and dispatch as needed)
 Provide energy during emergency situations
Resources providing RRS
RRS may be provided by:

 Unloaded, online generation resource capacity, through
PFR (Governor Response)
 Load resources controlled by high-set, under-frequency
relays (0.5 second response time, 59.7 Hz trigger)
 Controllable load resources through PFR
 Hydro generation resources in synchronous condenser
mode
Regulation Reserve Service
 Deployed to balance net load variability

between 5-minute SCED intervals
 Reg-Up is used during negative
imbalance between generation and load
(i.e., shortage)
 Reg-Down is used during positive
imbalance between generation and load
(i.e., surplus)
 Deployed by ERCOT through AGC that proportionally divides Regulation
needed between all participating generators and issues deployment
signals every 4 seconds
 Regulation can be provided by generators, storage and controllable
loads.
Non-Spinning Reserve Service
Non-Spin may be deployed to:

 Replace loss of generating capacity
 Compensate for load, wind, solar forecast uncertainty
 Address the risk of net load ramps
 Assist when there is a limited amount of capacity available to SCED
Historically, the need for Non-Spin has occurred during:

 Unexpected hot weather (in shoulder seasons)
 Cold weather, early morning load ramp outpacing the ability of
generation to follow
 Summer afternoons when high loads and unit outages outstrip
generating capability
 Following large unit trips to replenish reserves
Resources providing Non-Spin
Non-Spin Service is provided by using:

 Generation resources (online or offline) that are capable
of being synchronized and ramped to a specified output
level within 30 minutes, and are available to run at a
specified output level for at least one hour
 Controllable load resources that qualify for SCED
dispatch and are capable of ramping to a specific
consumption level within 30 minutes, and are able to
consume at this level for an hour
 Most of the Non-spin is provided by 10-minute quick
start units
Outline
 Key Takeaways
Changing Resource Capacity Mix
Note: 2020 capacity numbers include planned projects with commercial operation
date through 2020, as well as account for confirmed retirements and mothballs
Wind Generation Growth Chart
Solar Generation Growth Chart
System’s Need to Adapt to the Generation
Mix Changes
As the generation mix continues to change, ERCOT has

to adapt by:
 Increasing situational awareness
 Continuously adjusting AS methodology to adapt
reserve amounts to changing system needs
 Considering changes to AS product set to address the
need for faster responding resources
Outline
 AS definition and Need
 Key Takeaways
Consequences of Changing Resource Mix
Synchronous generators provide synchronous inertia, among other

capabilities
 Synchronous inertia is stored kinetic energy in rotating masses
of synchronous machines connected to the grid
 Enables the power system to resist changes in frequency after
sudden imbalances, and defines the initial Rate-of-Change-of-
Frequency (RoCoF)
 Inverter-based resources (wind, solar, storage) do not
contribute to inertia
 As more of these resources are integrated into the grid,
synchronous generation is displaced and inertia decreases
 RoCoF after generation trip events is becoming faster
Effect of Synchronous Inertia on System
Frequency
Initial rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) is solely a

function of inertia
Effect of Synchronous Inertia on System
Frequency
 With increasing integration of renewables, there could be periods when total

inertia of the system could be low, as less synchronous machines will be
dispatched.
 During such situations, it is essential to have adequate frequency response capabilities.
UFLS trigger
ERCOT Inertia 2013-2019
10 5
4
3.5
Inertia, GWs 3
2.5
1.5
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Date and Time 3/10/13 3/30/14 11/25/15 2:00 4/10/16 2:00 10/27/17 4:00 11/03/18 3:30
3:00 AM 3:00 AM AM AM AM AM
Date and Time 132 135 152 143 130 128.8
Min synch. Inertia (GW*s) 24,726 24,540 27,190 27,831 28,425 28,397
System load at minimum

31 34 42 47 54 53.4
synch. Inertia (MW)
Critical Inertia Definition
 What is the minimum inertia level that we can reliably operate at?
 Critical inertia is the minimum level of system inertia below which a system cannot be
operated reliably with existing frequency control practices.
 For ERCOT, this is the inertia level that – after a 2,750 MW trip – will give Load
Resources providing RRS sufficient time to respond before frequency reaches 59.3 Hz
(UFLS threshold).
Frequency Response (Initial Stage)
Current Critical Inertia for ERCOT
Maintaining Critical Inertia
 Based on current frequency control mechanisms, critical inertia for ERCOT is
around 100 GWs
 ERCOT is monitoring inertia in the control room
 Visual alarms are raised when inertia gets close to critical
 120 GWs >= Inertia Normal
 120 GWs > Inertia >= 110 GWs Yellow
 110 GWs > Inertia >= 100 GWs Orange
 100 GWs < Inertia Red
Inertia Monitoring and Forecasting
Change to RRS requirements
 ERCOT used to procure 2,800 MW of RRS for every hour of the

year.
 How much RRS is needed for different inertia conditions?
 A series of studies were conducted based on recent historical
real-time cases in 2016 and 2017 for different levels of inertia
varying between 130 GWs through 376 GWs.
 Same criteria used for critical inertia (at each inertia level, must
have sufficient amount of RRS to avoid trigger of UFLS after
2,750 MW trip).
 The goal of the studies was to find out how much RRS is
needed overall and determine the equivalency ratio between
load resources and generation resources providing RRS.
RRS Requirements
−0.890
𝑃𝐹𝑅 ( 𝑁𝑜𝐿𝑅 )=399275𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
−0.892
𝐿𝑅/𝑃𝐹𝑅=173.28𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎
RRS Requirements for 2018
Example of January 2018
 RRS requirements are determined in requirements:
December for the upcoming year, for Equivalency
HE Total RRS MW PFRS LRs Ratio
six 4-hourly blocks for each month, 1 2920 1460 1460 1.69
based on 70th percentile of system

2 2920 1460 1460 1.69
3 2920 1460 1460 1.69
inertia in the previous two years

4 2920 1460 1460 1.69
5 2920 1460 1460 1.69
during that month/hour block.

6 2920 1460 1460 1.69
7 2772 1386 1386 1.47
8 2772 1386 1386 1.47
9 2772 1386 1386 1.47
10 2772 1386 1386 1.47
11 2772 1386 1386 1.47
12 2772 1386 1386 1.47
13 2772 1386 1386 1.47
14 2772 1386 1386 1.47
15 2772 1386 1386 1.47
16 2772 1386 1386 1.47
17 2772 1386 1386 1.47
18 2772 1386 1386 1.47
19 2816 1408 1408 1.54
20 2816 1408 1408 1.54
21 2816 1408 1408 1.54
22 2816 1408 1408 1.54
23 2920 1460 1460 1.69
24 2920 1460 1460 1.69
RRS Sufficiency
 RRS requirements are determined before the
operating year, for the whole year.
 ERCOT determines actual RRS needs based on
expected inertia conditions in the DA and closer to RT,
and monitors RRS sufficiency.
 If RRS is insufficient, ERCOT can rely on other
available frequency-responsive capacity or open the
Supplemental Ancillary Services Market (SASM) to
procure additional RRS.
RRS Sufficiency Tool, Real Time
REAL-T IME RRS MONITORING
Real-Tim e RRS Monitoring
7200 195
6800 Actual PFR 184
6400
needed Actual PFR 173
6000
(based on PRC) 162
5600 151
5200 141
4800 130
4400 119
Shortfall in
RRS, PRC (MW)
Actual RRS4000 108
DIFF (MW)
Procured 97RRS but
available 3600
3200 adequate
86 PRC
2800 76
2400 65
2000 54
1600 43
1200
Actual RRS Shortfall in32RRS
800
needed available22
400 11
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
09/28/2016 09/29/2016
Operating Day: Sep-28,Sep-29 Procured RRS Shortfall Shortfall PRC Actual RRS (Inertia)
Acutal RRS Available PRC PFR_PRC
RRS Sufficiency Tool, Day Ahead
Look Ahead RRS Sufficiency O/D DAM DRUC
LOOK AHEAD RRS SUFFICIENCY Sep-28 Yes Yes
Sep-29 No No
4000 750
3800
Posted RRS 713
3600 675
3400
(Study) 638
3200 600
3000 563
2800 525
2600 488
2400 450
2200 413
Shortfall in
DIFF (MW)
RRS (MW)
2000
Estimated RRS 375
study RRS
1800 338
1600
need (COP) 300
1400 263
1200
Scheduled RRS 225
1000 Obligations (COP) 188
800 150
600 113
400 75
200 38
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
9/28/2016 9/29/2016
Operating Day: Sep-28,Sep-29 Shortfall Estimated RRS (COP) Scheduled RRS (COP)
COP Submission Time: Sep-28 12:00 Actual RRS (Inertia) Posted RRS Req
Online RRS Monitoring Tool
Reliability Risk Desk
ERCOT added a new desk in the control room to monitor:

 System inertia
 Resulting RRS requirements and RRS sufficiency
 Sufficiency of AS to cover forecast error risk and net
load ramps
 Renewable forecasts versus actual output
Changes for Load Resources providing
RRS
 Historically, load resources were limited to 50% of

total RRS requirement, to allow more diversity of RRS
resources and to avoid frequency overshoot.
 With wind and solar resources providing PFR,
overshoot is no longer an issue.
 In November 2017, the limit was increased to 60%.
Regulation Requirements
Regulation requirements are based on historic wind and solar power

production and load variability, as well as historic Reg deployments.
For determining the base Reg-Up requirements for a particular hour,
ERCOT calculates:
 95th percentile of non-zero Reg-Up deployments (5-minute averages)
for the same month, same hour of the previous two years, and
 95th percentile of the positive net load (load – wind – solar) changes
over each 5-minute interval for the same month, same hour of the
previous two years
 Maximum of these two values sets the Reg-Up requirement for the
hour in this month next year + the adjustment for new capacity (see
slide 45)
 Similar process is followed to determine Reg-Down requirements
Incremental Reg-Up Adjustment Table
Incremental MW Adjustment to Prior-Year Up-Regulation Value, per 1000 MW of Incremental Wind

Generation Capacity, to Account for Wind Capacity Growth
 In order to consider the Hour Ending
increased amount of wind Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
penetration, ERCOT Jan.

5.6 2.1 4.3 5.7 3.4 2.4 -0.2 0.7 4.3 3.4 1.7 4.3 2.4 2.4 3.2 1.3 4.0 0.4 0.5 2.5 2.0 1.2 1.2 5.8
calculates the increase in Feb.
3.3 3.3 3.8 3.8 2.2 0.8 0.2 4.9 9.1 6.6 3.8 3.4 3.2 3.4 3.4 2.3 4.3 4.2 1.7 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.9 3.2
installed wind generation
Mar.
capacity and then, 4.5 5.7 6.9 6.4 4.5 2.9 0.9 5.7 7.0 6.1 4.7 3.9 4.1 5.9 6.2 4.0 4.5 4.6 2.3 1.8 2.1 0.9 1.2 4.1
depending on the month of Apr.

4.9 6.2 7.1 7.0 7.5 5.6 3.8 6.1 4.5 4.7 5.2 5.2 3.1 2.7 3.1 1.6 2.8 4.3 2.9 2.9 2.2 1.3 1.1 5.4
the year and the hour of the May
11.8 8.4 7.8 7.5 7.4 4.3 5.5 5.8 3.4 5.5 5.5 5.0 3.7 2.9 2.2 0.6 1.7 3.4 4.8 5.4 2.7 1.4 2.7 8.5
day, ERCOT adds
Jun.
incremental MWs to the Reg 2.2 4.6 4.3 4.7 5.1 4.1 7.3 6.7 4.0 5.5 5.0 3.7 1.6 0.8 0.6 1.6 2.3 3.3 3.6 3.1 0.9 0.0 1.8 6.2
values. Jul.
1.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.9 8.6 7.9 4.1 4.2 4.7 4.1 1.9 0.2 -0.8 0.8 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 0.6 0.2 1.1 1.2
Aug.
 The tables of incremental 3.4 2.5 3.2 2.9 4.2 4.2 6.5 6.4 3.6 4.3 4.4 3.4 1.5 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.4 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.5
MWs for Reg-Up and Reg- Sep.

1.8 1.5 2.6 2.3 3.4 2.3 3.7 6.9 5.3 4.1 3.9 3.5 3.0 1.8 0.9 0.3 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.9 0.8 0.6 1.6
Down come from the study Oct.
ERCOT performs annually.
2.3 0.8 2.4 3.1 3.7 2.3 2.1 6.2 6.2 3.6 3.6 3.7 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.2 0.5 -0.5 -0.7 0.0 0.5 0.4 2.9
Nov.
3.4 2.4 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.8 0.8 4.7 5.5 4.1 3.9 4.1 2.2 1.2 2.1 2.9 3.2 1.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.7 0.4 2.6
Dec.
3.0 3.1 3.6 4.8 2.6 2.6 0.1 5.6 2.1 6.5 4.3 4.6 7.5 4.5 4.3 1.6 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.6 1.0 0.2
Incremental Reg-Down Adjustment Table
Incremental MW Adjustment to Prior-Year Down-Regulation Value, per 1000 MW of Incremental Wind

Generation Capacity, to Account for Wind Capacity Growth
Hour Ending
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jan.
3.7 3.3 1.5 -0.8 0.9 1.9 -0.3 -2.0 -3.5 -3.3 1.2 2.1 0.5 -0.8 -0.4 -0.3 0.5 1.8 5.8 4.5 4.6 3.0 0.5 4.2
Feb.
4.3 2.1 1.7 4.2 3.4 3.3 2.9 1.0 -0.7 3.0 3.5 2.0 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.3 1.9 1.8 5.9 6.6 7.1 6.0 5.3 4.1
Mar.
3.3 2.4 1.5 2.2 2.2 3.2 2.4 2.7 1.5 2.3 1.4 1.4 3.2 1.2 0.8 1.3 2.3 1.9 2.8 4.9 5.4 4.7 4.5 1.7
Apr.
4.0 3.0 2.3 2.7 3.4 2.8 1.4 1.7 0.3 1.1 0.2 0.4 1.2 -0.2 0.9 3.0 5.9 4.9 4.4 7.5 7.2 6.9 5.2 8.8
May
4.4 4.0 2.9 2.9 2.3 1.8 2.1 2.3 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.0 2.2 4.4 5.2 6.2 4.1 4.1 6.5 7.2 8.0 5.1 5.2
Jun.
1.5 2.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.5 5.0 5.0 5.3 3.1 3.2 4.5 7.0 7.1 3.5 0.5
Jul.
2.4 3.6 -0.8 -1.4 -1.1 -1.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 0.6 2.3 2.5 3.7 5.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 6.5 7.3 4.1 3.8
Aug.
-0.4 1.5 -1.0 -1.0 -1.2 -1.1 0.6 -0.1 0.4 -0.2 0.0 -0.9 0.3 2.3 2.6 2.8 4.9 3.0 2.5 3.9 5.9 6.2 3.9 8.6
Sep.
0.7 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.7 -0.3 -0.3 -1.3 0.2 0.7 0.6 -0.6 0.0 2.2 3.1 3.1 5.3 4.6 4.5 6.0 6.2 5.0 4.2 -0.3
Oct.
2.6 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.8 -1.3 -1.1 0.7 0.6 -0.1 -0.3 0.7 0.9 2.2 2.9 2.5 7.4 7.4 6.0 3.0 2.8 2.9
Nov.
2.6 1.6 0.4 0.5 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.5 -1.9 -0.8 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.1 7.0 6.8 5.5 2.8 3.2 2.7
Dec.
1.0 -0.7 1.7 0.8 2.0 5.0 0.5 -0.1 -2.1 -2.2 0.4 1.0 2.7 1.5 -0.1 1.1 0.0 2.2 3.9 6.2 5.7 3.2 4.4 0.3
Reg-Up Requirements, 2018
HE Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1 238 250 271 359 353 288 309 297 235 212 211
2 203 222 219 254 293 260 200 199 174 179 176
3 221 221 230 238 220 216 182 161 193 205 203
4 248 230 263 233 272 186 202 167 193 205 215
5 302 299 335 289 229 229 237 236 251 283 292
6 523 477 456 453 383 333 387 397 435 438 460
7 640 578 575 605 467 453 544 557 553 556 605
8 323 357 287 384 444 449 372 292 358 306 297
9 373 362 359 440 467 484 449 472 372 343 316
10 365 316 321 393 459 499 449 455 423 315 305
11 316 323 373 409 523 525 524 498 401 326 312
12 285 365 332 403 470 503 487 488 423 319 275
13 239 299 347 360 391 424 415 445 396 299 269
14 222 295 336 314 321 350 358 382 342 237 248
15 226 263 282 294 267 295 285 298 315 213 214
16 215 278 290 315 247 252 263 257 269 237 212
17 211 282 318 259 222 265 248 239 206 258 322
18 347 235 215 254 215 250 256 222 224 365 489
19 421 307 229 260 239 270 278 259 352 214 196
20 279 335 361 332 258 255 334 300 237 178 177
21 175 234 402 305 238 247 266 257 157 173 182
22 417 221 219 282 250 302 332 336 267 194 223
23 378 305 236 399 355 366 304 335 319 265 307
24 244 291 333 293 325 281 264 284 311 243 206

Reg-Dn Requirements, 2018
1 326 330 442 436 414 452 405 385 347 294 278
2 223 276 292 333 317 325 334 279 257 236 207
3 187 225 267 286 280 289 243 220 232 201 226
4 253 193 232 236 223 192 180 183 184 185 188
5 246 261 209 213 195 161 159 183 195 207 232
6 390 405 308 367 199 187 179 211 328 327 428
7 312 318 290 319 231 198 199 186 234 249 274
8 286 293 229 223 180 207 207 212 230 256 252
9 252 234 202 272 263 291 258 279 184 156 194
10 327 247 209 255 274 292 274 329 457 196 191
11 301 264 212 228 211 192 246 284 254 226 254
12 259 220 173 212 168 266 215 246 271 222 301
13 271 217 164 191 199 169 207 215 201 195 279
14 248 208 207 193 190 201 261 231 207 205 235
15 233 208 222 218 229 232 211 201 185 212 201
16 213 221 208 229 223 225 208 251 183 191 185
17 212 240 267 287 268 289 313 233 235 218 219
18 205 244 300 322 322 321 330 337 289 240 244
19 341 318 352 412 434 411 438 424 377 320 308
20 354 341 384 365 395 414 387 411 395 322 312
21 382 390 387 387 372 369 390 496 434 337 304
22 402 493 499 531 518 498 512 564 455 394 357
23 442 527 534 604 593 571 561 556 494 389 412
24 347 417 509 569 517 535 524 495 424 362 347

Non-Spinning Requirement
Non-Spin requirements are based on the historic net load forecast

error, determined for every month, 6 four-hourly blocks.
For determining the Non-Spin requirements for a particular hour:

 ERCOT will determine the Non-Spin requirement using the 70th
to 95th percentile of hourly net load forecast uncertainty from
the same month and same four-hourly block of the previous
three years.
 Periods where the risk of net load ramp is highest will use 95th
percentile compared to 70th percentile for periods with lowest
risks.
 Similarly to Reg requirements, calculation and adjustment for
newly installed wind capacity is made.
Incremental Non-Spin Adjustment
Incremental MW Adjustment to Non-Spinning Reserve Service, per 1000 MW of Incremental Wind

Generation Capacity
Hour Ending
Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Jan.
41 41 45 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 42 42 42 42 37 37 37 37 46 46 46 46 41 41
Feb.
41 41 45 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 42 42 42 42 37 37 37 37 46 46 46 46 41 41
Mar.
54 54 54 54 54 54 58 58 58 58 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 50 50 50 50 54 54
Apr.
54 54 54 54 54 54 58 58 58 58 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 50 50 50 50 54 54
May
54 54 54 54 54 54 58 58 58 58 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 50 50 50 50 54 54
Jun.
51 51 50 50 50 50 46 46 46 46 34 34 34 34 28 28 28 28 35 35 35 35 51 51
Jul.
51 51 50 50 50 50 46 46 46 46 34 34 34 34 28 28 28 28 35 35 35 35 51 51
Aug.
51 51 50 50 50 50 46 46 46 46 34 34 34 34 28 28 28 28 35 35 35 35 51 51
Sep.
46 46 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 35 35 35 35 33 33 33 33 42 42 42 42 46 46
Oct.
46 46 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 35 35 35 35 33 33 33 33 42 42 42 42 46 46
Nov.
46 46 49 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 35 35 35 35 33 33 33 33 42 42 42 42 46 46
Dec.
41 41 45 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 42 42 42 42 37 37 37 37 46 46 46 46 41 41
Non-Spin Requirements, 2018
1 1103 1082 967 1131 1123 1088 1040 1256 1209 1037 1111 1198
2 1103 1082 967 1131 1123 1088 1040 1256 1209 1037 1111 1198
3 1409 1422 1505 1529 1481 1510 1387 1525 1612 1637 1717 1460
4 1409 1422 1505 1529 1481 1510 1387 1525 1612 1637 1717 1460
5 1409 1422 1505 1529 1481 1510 1387 1525 1612 1637 1717 1460
6 1409 1422 1505 1529 1481 1510 1387 1525 1612 1637 1717 1460
7 2131 2361 2111 1977 1988 2127 1763 2003 2119 2053 2219 2178
8 2131 2361 2111 1977 1988 2127 1763 2003 2119 2053 2219 2178
9 2131 2361 2111 1977 1988 2127 1763 2003 2119 2053 2219 2178
10 2131 2361 2111 1977 1988 2127 1763 2003 2119 2053 2219 2178
11 1683 1834 1819 1469 1733 1781 1375 1752 1720 1860 1635 1742
12 1683 1834 1819 1469 1733 1781 1375 1752 1720 1860 1635 1742
13 1683 1834 1819 1469 1733 1781 1375 1752 1720 1860 1635 1742
14 1683 1834 1819 1469 1733 1781 1375 1752 1720 1860 1635 1742
15 1674 1701 1572 1468 1712 1375 1375 1375 1375 1457 1380 1574
16 1674 1701 1572 1468 1712 1375 1375 1375 1375 1457 1380 1574
17 1674 1701 1572 1468 1712 1375 1375 1375 1375 1457 1380 1574
18 1674 1701 1572 1468 1712 1375 1375 1375 1375 1457 1380 1574
19 1605 1643 1387 1410 1571 1375 1375 1375 1473 1375 1426 1466
20 1605 1643 1387 1410 1571 1375 1375 1375 1473 1375 1426 1466
21 1605 1643 1387 1410 1571 1375 1375 1375 1473 1375 1426 1466
22 1605 1643 1387 1410 1571 1375 1375 1375 1473 1375 1426 1466
23 1103 1082 967 1131 1123 1088 1040 1256 1209 1037 1111 1198
24 1103 1082 967 1131 1123 1088 1040 1256 1209 1037 1111 1198
NPRR863
Last Edited on 2/1/2019
Outline
 Key Takeaways
Key Takeaways
 ERCOT is a single balancing authority, all frequency control and balancing needs
are provided internally
 Primary Frequency Control is realized through governor response from all
generating resources and load resources with under-frequency relays
 Secondary Control is realized through Automatic Generation Control
 Tertiary Control is realized through use of Non-Spinning AS
 To ensure sufficiency of frequency control reserves, ERCOT procures AS
 ERCOT’s resource mix is changing, adding more variable energy resources such
as wind and solar
 ERCOT needs to adapt by increasing situational awareness and introducing more
dynamic AS requirements based on historic system conditions
 New AS products can also be introduced
Outline
and Situational Awareness
 Key Takeaways
Homework: Due Thursday 2/14
Calculate Reg Requirements
1. Calculate the Regulation Up and Regulation Down Requirements for January 2018
Data provided:
 5-minute, wind, load and solar production data for January 2016 and 2017
(Spring 2019-EE362G-AS-HW.xlsx )
 5-minute average Reg Up and Reg Down deployments for January 2016 and
2017 (Spring 2019-EE362G-AS-HW.xlsx)
 Installed wind capacity increase between the end of 2016 and the end of 2017
(3,084 MW)
Based on this data, calculate Reg Up and Reg Down requirements for every hour (1-
24) for January 2018. Use methodology described on slide 44 and incremental Reg
values from slides 45 and 46 (the part of the table you’ll need is already included in
Spring 2019-EE362G-AS-HW.xlsx).
Ref: these slides and ERCOT Methodologies for Determining Minimum AS

Requirements 010118.doc
Homework: Calculate Reg Requirements
In ERCOT Methodologies for Determining Minimum AS Requirements

010118.doc, you may see that additional adjustments may be made to
the Regulation requirements in case of historic violations of the CPS1
score and/or exhaustion of Regulation Reserve. You do not need to
include these in your calculation.

EE379K/EE394V Smart Grids: Ancillary Services

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 In ERCOT Protocols: Ancillary Service – A service necessary to

 Ancillary Services in ERCOT include all reserves (Responsive,

 In other areas, the term AS may also include voltage support,

 All online generators (except nuclear) are required to provide

Source for the tables: NERC BAL-TRE-001

 In ERCOT, some industrial loads are qualified to provide frequency

 ERCOT monitors all capacity available for Primary

 For each online generator, the capacity that counts

 For loads, all load resources equipped with under-

 Area Control Error (ACE) is a continuous measure of area imbalance

 In ERCOT, tie-line interchange error term () is not needed

 In ERCOT, integral term is not included in AGC controller

 Tertiary Control in ERCOT is done through Security

 In each 5-min run SCED tries to dispatch down the

 To maintain power balance, other generators, not

Copyright © 2017 – Draft Version 12

RRS provides operating reserves intended to:

RRS may be provided by:

 Deployed to balance net load variability

Non-Spin may be deployed to:

Historically, the need for Non-Spin has occurred during:

Non-Spin Service is provided by using:

As the generation mix continues to change, ERCOT has

Synchronous generators provide synchronous inertia, among other

Initial rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) is solely a

 With increasing integration of renewables, there could be periods when total

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Date and Time 132 135 152 143 130 128.8

System load at minimum

 ERCOT used to procure 2,800 MW of RRS for every hour of the

based on 70th percentile of system

inertia in the previous two years

during that month/hour block.

6800 Actual PFR 184

Actual RRS4000 108

1000 Obligations (COP) 188

ERCOT added a new desk in the control room to monitor:

 Historically, load resources were limited to 50% of

Regulation requirements are based on historic wind and solar power

Incremental MW Adjustment to Prior-Year Up-Regulation Value, per 1000 MW of Incremental Wind

 In order to consider the Hour Ending

increased amount of wind Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

penetration, ERCOT Jan.

depending on the month of Apr.

MWs for Reg-Up and Reg- Sep.

Incremental MW Adjustment to Prior-Year Down-Regulation Value, per 1000 MW of Incremental Wind

Copyright © 2017 – Draft Version 47

Copyright © 2017 – Draft Version 48

Non-Spin requirements are based on the historic net load forecast

For determining the Non-Spin requirements for a particular hour:

Incremental MW Adjustment to Non-Spinning Reserve Service, per 1000 MW of Incremental Wind

Ref: these slides and ERCOT Methodologies for Determining Minimum AS

In ERCOT Methodologies for Determining Minimum AS Requirements

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