Ch.

21 Warm-Up
Use the following information to help you answer the question
below:
Population = 1000 people
AA = 160 Aa = 480 aa = 360
1. What are the genotypic frequencies? Allele frequencies?

2. Use directional, stabilizing or disruptive selection to

answer the following:
a) The mice in the Arizona desert have either dark or
light fur.
b) Birds produce 4-5 eggs per clutch
c) Average human baby weighs 7 lbs.
d) Darwin's finches and beak size during drought
Chapter 22
The Origin of Species
What You Need to Know:
• The biological concept of a species.
• Speciation may occur when two populations become
reproductively isolated from each other.
• There are prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that maintain
reproductive isolation in natural populations.
• How allopatric and sympatric speciation are similar and different.
• How a change in chromosome number can lead to sympatric
speciation.
• Why speciation rates are often rapid in situations where adaptive
radiation occurs or during times of ecological stress.
• The connection between speciation in a isolated population and a
change in gene frequency, a change in the environment, natural
selection, and/or genetic drift.
• How punctuated equilibrium and gradualism describe two
different tempos of speciation.
Speciation = origin of species
• Microevolution: changes in allele frequencies within
a single gene pool
• Macroevolution: evolutionary change above the
species level
▫ cumulative effects of speciation over long periods of
time
HHMI Video Clip:
Reproductive Isolation and Speciation

Running Time: 2:38 min

Biological Species Concept
• Species = population or group of populations
whose members have the potential to
interbreed in nature and produce viable,
fertile offspring
▫ Reproductively compatible
• Reproductive isolation = barriers that prevent
members of 2 species from producing viable,
fertile hybrids
Types of Reproductive Barriers
Prezygotic Barriers: Postzygotic Barriers:
▫ Prevent mating or ▫ Prevent hybrid zygote
hinder fertilization from developing into
Types: fertile adult
▫ Habitat isolation Types:
▫ Temporal isolation ▫ Reduced hybrid
▫ Behavioral isolation viability
▫ Mechanical ▫ Reduced hybrid
isolation fertility
▫ Gametic isolation ▫ Hybrid breakdown
Types of Reproductive Barriers

REDUCED HYBRID REDUCED HYBRID

HYBRID BREAKDOWN
VIABILITY FERTILITY
Types of Reproductive Barriers

REDUCED HYBRID REDUCED HYBRID

HYBRID BREAKDOWN
VIABILITY FERTILITY
Types of Reproductive Barriers

REDUCED HYBRID REDUCED HYBRID

HYBRID BREAKDOWN
VIABILITY FERTILITY
Types of Reproductive Barriers

REDUCED HYBRID REDUCED HYBRID

HYBRID BREAKDOWN
VIABILITY FERTILITY
Other definitions of species:
• Morphological – by body shape, size, and
other structural features
• Ecological – niche/role in community
• Phylogenetic – share a common ancestor,
form one branch on tree of life
Two main modes of speciation
 Two main modes of speciation:
Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation
“other” “homeland” “together” “homeland”

Geographically isolated Overlapping populations within

populations same geographic area

Gene flow between

• Caused by geologic events
subpopulations blocked by:
or processes
• polyploidy
• Evolves by natural selection
• habitat differentiation
& genetic drift
• sexual selection

Eg. Squirrels on N/S rims of Eg. polyploidy in 80% of plants

Grand Canyon (oats, cotton, potatoes, wheat)
Allopatric speciation of antelope squirrels
on opposite rims of the Grand Canyon
Sympatric Speciation by Polyploidy

Autopolyploid: extra sets of

chromosomes
• Failure of cell division (2n  4n)
• Eg. Strawberries are 4n, 6n, 8n,
10n (decaploid)!
Allopolyploid: 2 species
produce a hybrid
▫ Species A (2n=6) +
Species B (2n=4) 
Hybrid (2n=10)
Hybrid Zones
• Incomplete reproductive barriers
• Possible outcomes: reinforcement, fusion, stability
 Grizzly Polar

“Grolar” or
“Pizzly”
Bear Evolution
Fusion: The breakdown of reproductive barriers
Time Course of Speciation
Gradualism Punctuated Equilibium
• Common ancestor • Eldridge & Gould
• Slow, constant change • Long periods of stasis
punctuated by sudden change
seen in fossil record
HHMI Short Film:
Lizards in an Evolutionary Tree
Topic: Adaptive Radiation
Running Time: 17:50 min