The State

An organization, composed of numerous agencies led and

coordinate by the state’s leadership (executive authority) that has
the ability to make and implement the binding rules for all the
people as well as the parameters of rule making for other social
organisations in a given territory, using force if necessary to have its
way (Joel Migdal)
 CULTURE
“consists of the values the members of a given
group hold, the languages they speak, the
symbols they revere, the norms they follow, and
the material goods they create, from tools to
clothing. Some elements of culture, especially
the beliefs and expectations people have about
each other and the world they inhabit, are
component of all social relations”
 Class
“A large group of people who occupy a similar
economic position in the wider society”
 Marginality
is a complex condition of disadvantage which individuals and communities
experience as a result of vulnerabilities that may arise from unfavorable
environmental, cultural, social, political and economic factors. Although
most discussions of marginality deal with distressed economic and
ecological conditions of life, the concept of marginality can also be applied
to cultural, social, and political conditions of disadvantage.
 Cultural Marginality
“refers to the marginal or peripheral position of
a group with respect to the beliefs, traditions,
social organization, patterned behavior, and
systems of values that distinguish it from other
groups or communities”
 Taste according to Bordieu
Taste classifies, and it classifies the classifier.
Social subjects, classified by their classifications,
distinguish themselves by the distinctions they
make, between the beautiful and the ugly, the
distinguished and the vulgar, in which their
position in the objective classifications is
expressed or betrayed.
 Social Marginality
Refers to a position of a group as indicated by
the interpersonal or intergroup relationships
with one or more different groups, and to the
attitudes and ‘images’ that tend to shape these
relationships
 Representation 1
As a process through which we re-present an
object or a concept or a reality.

This process is performed through different

forms of languages (written, spoken, but also
through music, paintings, audio and visual
media, and so on).
 Representation 2
Representation as a process through which we
give meaning to the world surrounding us.

“In part we give objects, people, and events

meaning by the frameworks of interpretation
which we bring to them. In part, we give things
meaning by how we use them, or integrate
them into our everyday practices”