Concepts of Pipe Stress Analysis: Nilesh o Agrawal

Concepts of Pipe Stress
Analysis
Linde Engineering
Nilesh o Agrawal
Plant Design, Date:28.02.2008
Linde Engineering
AIM
1. The aim of this interactive session is to facilitate understanding of the requirements of Stress
Analysis.
2. It is also aimed at reducing the possibility of changes in layout during stress analysis.
3. Anyway the interaction between stress group and layout is an ongoing process.
Linde AG Linde Engineering Division 2 Nilesh /PD / 28.02.2008 / Concepts of Pipe Stress Analysis.ppt
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Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis
Pipe stress analysis provides the necessary techniques for engineers to design piping systems without
overstressing and overloading the piping components & connected equipment.
The objective of stress analysis can be listed as follows:
A) To limit the stresses in the piping system to the limiting value.
B) To limit the deflection in the piping system to the limiting value.
C) To ensure nozzle loads are within allowable.
D) To limit the loads on supports.
E) To check for leakage at flange joints.
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Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis
F) Unintentional disengagement of pipes from supports.
G) Excessive displacement .
H) To Solve dynamic problems due to fluid hammer, pulsation, mechanical vibration etc.
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Working Philosophy of Stress Group
Review Bid Document Includes

Different Loading Stress Analysis
Parameters Criteria
Preparation of
“Work Instruction for Pipe Stress Analysis”
Piping Modeling
& Analysis
Methodology
Mark-up of Stress Systems on P&ID Layout Group
Stress isometrics with Design Parameters
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Working Philosophy of Stress Group
Safe Perform Pipe Stress Analysis Unsafe
Add Flexibility
Prepare Documentation in Piping
Prepare Final
Stress Report
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Magnitude of Thermal Load
A pipe when held between two anchors, when heated up, tries to expand
against its restraints resulting in considerable, forces, moments and stresses.
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If the pipe is to be maintained in the heated position then there will be an axial force P
to compress the increase in pipe length of ΔL.
The strain developed in the pipe,ε, is then calculated as
ε= ΔL/L = α
The internal stresses developed due to this strain is
σ= Eε = Eα ---Hooke’s Law
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The force required to compress back is then defined by
P=Aσ = A Eα
Where,
A= Area of c/s of pipe
E= Modulus of Elasticity of Pipe material
P= Compressive Force
σ= Stress developed
ΔL= Axial compression of pipe
L= Length of Pipe
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Classification of Loads on Piping
Loads on Piping
Primary Loading Secondary Loading

Sustained Loads like Loads due to
dead weight etc. Thermal Expansion etc.
Not Self-Limiting in nature Self-Limiting in nature

i.e.; deformation will not i.e.; deformation will result
bring relaxation on stress. in redistribution of stress.
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Loads on Piping
Loading
Static Loading Dynamic Loading
Pressure Internal/External Random
Restraint, Wind, Earthquake

Temperature
Differential Growth
Dead Weight Live Weight

Harmonic
Weight
(Pipe Wt. Insul Wt) (Operating, Snow) Vibration, Pulsation
Impulse
Friction
Relief valve, Fluid
hammer, Slug Flow
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Requirements of ASME B31.3
Stresses due to Sustained Loads:
SL <= WSh
The thickness of pipe used in calculating S L shall be the nominal thickness less the
erosion and corrosion allowance. This is calculated by looking at Clause 302.3.5 (c)
Where,
SL = Sum of longitudinal stress to pressure weight and other sustained loading, KPa
Sh = Basic allowable stress at the operating temp., KPa
W= Weld joint strength reduction factor
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Allowable Displacement Stress Range SA:
The computed displacement stress range SE in a piping system

(Para 319.4.4) shall not exceed the allowable displacement stress range SA
SE <= SA
SA = f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh)
SA = f [1.25(Sc+Sh) – SL]… Liberal Allowable Stress
f= 6.0 (N)-0.2
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The range of bending and torsional stresses shall be computed using the reference modulus of elasticity
at 210C and then combined to determine the computed displacement stress range S E as below:
SE = Sb2+4St2
Where,
Sb= Resultant bending stress

St= Torsional Stress = Mt/2Z
Mt = Torsional Moment
Z = Sectional Modulus of Pipe
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Stresses due to Occasional Loads:
The sum of longitudinal stresses SL due to sustained loads, such as pressure and weight,
and of stresses produced by occasional loads, such as wind or earthquake, shall not
exceed 1.33 times the basic allowable stress S h.
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Piping Loads on Structure
 The pipe weight on structure is function of pipe supporting span.
 Due to uniform loads (pipe weight, insulation weight, fluid weight) and concentrated loads
(valves and flanges) bending moment occurs.
 The pipe weights are distributed uniformly across the unsupported span and lead to
maximum bending moment either at the center of the span or at the support location,
depending on the type of support used.
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Loads on Structure
 Calculate the average pipe size on the pipe rack tier.

 Calculate the weight of pipe between two columns in Kg/m.
 Calculate the area load considering the width of the beam.
The standard area loads for pipe racks are:
Main pipe racks: 2.00 KN/m2

Secondary pipe racks:1.50 KN/m2
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Loads on Structure
Consider average pipe size = DN200 (SCH – STD)

Water filled weight for DN 200, SCH STD = 75Kg/m
For pipe rack width of 6m, total nos. of DN 200 pipes that can be closely spaced = 30nos.
Total Weight = 30*75*6 = 13500 KG
Area sharing the load = (Distance between 2 columns) x (Width of Pipe Rack)
= 6 x 6 = 36 m2
Total Load = (Total Weight)/(Load Sharing area) = 13500/36

Total Load = 375 Kg/m2
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Deflection of Pipe
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Deflection of Pipe
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Location of Support – Concentrated Load
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Location of Support – Concentrated Load
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Location of Support & Concentrated Load
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Piping Arrangement – Cantilever Beam
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Basic Support Types
1. Full Anchor:
Does not allows the pipe to move or twist in any of the directions.
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Basic Support Types
2. Directional Anchor:
Stops movement along the axes of the pipe, but permits movement along
the sideways (perpendicular direction).
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Basic Support Types
3. Guides:
Stops movement along the sideways (perpendicular) direction of the
pipe, but permits movement along the axes of the pipe.
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Basic Support Types
4. Resting:
Prevents downward motion of the pipe. Generally, defined to take the
weight of the pipe and its components.
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Loads Due to Thermal Expansion
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Loads Due to Thermal Expansion
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Loads due to Thermal Expansion
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Effects of Insufficient Flexibility on Loads
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The piping arrangement of sensitive equipments like pumps, air-cooler, compressor shall be
enough flexible to take care of thermal expansion.
 Study the piping routine and calculate the thermal expansion manually. Calculate the compensatory
leg required to absorb the thermal expansion.
 Provide support near to the concentrated weights, to reduce load transfer directly at nozzle.
 Possibly, first support shall be guiding support, to reduce nozzle loads.
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Effects of Insufficient Flexibility
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Effects of Insufficient Flexibility
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Effect of Loop Size on Support Loads
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Behaviour of Piping Loop – 2D
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Effect of Piping Loop – 3D
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Effect of Piping 3D Loop on Support Loads
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Restraints Location on Piping
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ADDED FLEXIBILITY – AN ADVANTAGE
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Effect of Supporting on Thermal Expansion
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Effect of Supporting on Thermal Expansion
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EXAMPLES
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EXAMPLES
2000
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Comments
Thank you
for your attention
Linde Engineering

Concepts of Pipe Stress Analysis: Nilesh o Agrawal

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Concepts of Pipe Stress

Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis

A) To limit the stresses in the piping system to the limiting value.

B) To limit the deflection in the piping system to the limiting value.

C) To ensure nozzle loads are within allowable.

D) To limit the loads on supports.

E) To check for leakage at flange joints.

Objectives of Pipe Stress Analysis

F) Unintentional disengagement of pipes from supports.

Working Philosophy of Stress Group

Review Bid Document Includes

Stress isometrics with Design Parameters

Working Philosophy of Stress Group

Safe Perform Pipe Stress Analysis Unsafe

Magnitude of Thermal Load

Magnitude of Thermal Load

The strain developed in the pipe,ε, is then calculated as

The internal stresses developed due to this strain is

Magnitude of Thermal Load

The force required to compress back is then defined by

Classification of Loads on Piping

Primary Loading Secondary Loading

Not Self-Limiting in nature Self-Limiting in nature

Pressure Internal/External Random

Restraint, Wind, Earthquake

Dead Weight Live Weight

Requirements of ASME B31.3

Stresses due to Sustained Loads:

Requirements of ASME B31.3

Allowable Displacement Stress Range SA:

The computed displacement stress range SE in a piping system

SA = f [1.25(Sc+Sh) – SL]… Liberal Allowable Stress

Requirements of ASME B31.3

Sb= Resultant bending stress

Requirements of ASME B31.3

Stresses due to Occasional Loads:

Piping Loads on Structure

 The pipe weight on structure is function of pipe supporting span.

 Calculate the average pipe size on the pipe rack tier.

The standard area loads for pipe racks are:

Main pipe racks: 2.00 KN/m2

Consider average pipe size = DN200 (SCH – STD)

Total Weight = 30*75*6 = 13500 KG

Total Load = (Total Weight)/(Load Sharing area) = 13500/36

Location of Support – Concentrated Load

Location of Support – Concentrated Load

Location of Support & Concentrated Load

Piping Arrangement – Cantilever Beam

Basic Support Types

Basic Support Types

Basic Support Types

Basic Support Types

Loads Due to Thermal Expansion

Loads Due to Thermal Expansion

Loads due to Thermal Expansion

Effects of Insufficient Flexibility on Loads

Effects of Insufficient Flexibility on Loads

Effects of Insufficient Flexibility on Loads

 Possibly, first support shall be guiding support, to reduce nozzle loads.

Effects of Insufficient Flexibility

Effects of Insufficient Flexibility

Effect of Loop Size on Support Loads

Effect of Loop Size on Support Loads

Total Weight = 30756 = 13500 KG