INTRODUCTION TO HVAC

ABCs of Comfort

PRESENTED BY:

Your Name
Introduction
 Comfort & Process

We condition air for two reasons:

• Comfort
– Cools and dehumidifies people

• Process
– Controls temperature
and humidity for things

The basic process is the same.

 Comfort / Process

People

Things
 Comfort

Comfort requirements
depend on how the
space is being used
 Comfort Parameters

1. Dry Bulb Temperature

2. Relative Humidity
3. Air Motion
4. Mean Radiant Temperature
5. Air Cleanliness
6. Odor Perception
and Acoustics (noise)
Total Comfort Air Conditioning
Comfort is maintained by:
• Heating
• Humidifying
• Cooling
• Dehumidifying
• Ventilating
• Filtering
• Circulating
… air as needed
Weather Conditions Affect Loads
Outside Air
Peak Temperature
•Kuwait = 115° F
•Anchorage = 71° F

Daily Temperature
Profile
75° F db

wb
 Comfort Chart
• Do not exceed 60% rh

Humidity Ratio, gr water per lb dry air

• Lower limit rh is not
84 gr
required but it affects
comfort
Dew Point Temperature, °F

• Energy codes require 5

35° F dp
degrees between cooling
and heating set points

Operative Temperature, °F
 Comfort Level Varies
You can’t please all the
people all the time Levels of comfort Hot

Comfort Scale
• Clothing Level • Hot
• Activity Level • Warm
• Temperature • Slightly Warm
• Humidity • Neutral Neutral
• Air Motion • Slightly Cool
• Surrounding Surfaces • Cool
• Localized Conditions • Cold
Cold
80 / 20 Rule means:
Conditions are acceptable to more
than 80% of the people
 Effective Temperature
• Humidity affects how we perceive comfort
• Effective temperature (ET) is the temperature and
humidity that feels the same as that dry bulb
temperature at 50% relative humidity
• In winter we feel more comfortable at a lower
temperature if the dew point is higher
• In summer we feel more comfortable at a higher
temperature if the dew point is lower
 Relative Humidity

Moisture in the air affects evaporation

How Much Moisture is in the Air

  100
How Much it Could Hold at Saturation

…expressed as a percent
THE EARTH’S MOTION AROUND THE SUN
MARCH 21

TROPIC OF
CANCER
23.5° N LAT.

DECEMBER 21
95.9 MILLION 89.8 MILLION
MILES SUN MILES

415 BTUH/FT2
JUNE 21 445 BTUH/FT2
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
23.5° S LAT.

SEPTEMBER 21
 Solar Heat Gain
Through Ordinary Glass During Aug. (40°N)
Btuh/ft2 Glass Area

AM Time of Day PM
 Transmission Loss
t

tW = Warm Side Temperature tC = Cooler Side Temperature

q = Btuh Heat Transfer Rate

U = Heat Transfer Factor

(from table)

q = U  Area  (tw - tc)

 BUILDING “U” FACTORS
“R”
(1) OUTSIDE AIR FILM 0.25

(2) FOUR INCH FACE BRICK EXTERIOR 0.44

(3) 12 IN. CINDER AGG. CONCRETE BLOCK 1.89

(4) 5/8 IN. SAND AGG. PLASTER ON WALL 0.11

(5) INSIDE AIR FILM 0.68

TOTAL RESISTANCE (RT) = 3.38

U = 1/RT = 1/3.37 = 0.297

 Cooling Load Components
(S+T)R (S+T)R
RAFH RDLG RDHG
SDHG
(When Return
Air Plenum)
SDLL(S+L) (S+T)W
L
CBP
SG
OA(S+L)
L
E(S+L) TG
PiHG SAFH P(S+L) I (S+L)G

I (S+L)W
TP
PuHG (S+T)W

• External Space Loads TF

• Internal Space Loads
• System Loads
SOLAR GAIN THRU GLASS

SUN

 SG
RADIANT
ENERGY
SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION GAIN
T S


(S + T)R

S
 T
(S + T)W
 TRANSMISSION
80°

TC

75° TP 70° TG 95°

 

TF

80°
 Infiltration
P

Porous Walls

Cracks
Outside
Inside
7.5 mph Wind

Openings
 Ventilation
Direct Exhaust

Space Air Balance

Air in  Air out for positive
pressurization
Return air
to fan
Air in = Supply air cfm
Outdoor air Air out = Return air cfm +
Hood content in supply direct exhaust air cfm
air to room
Common rule of thumb:
Supply exceeds return +
exhaust by 10%
 VENTILATION

OUTDOOR AIR
ENTERING
SPACE
DIRECTLY

OA(S + L)
100 CFM
O.A.

900 CFM
RETURN 100 CFM
1000 CFM EXHAUST
SUPPLY
TOILET

100 CFM
 Transmission Below Grade
Heat Flow
Radial Isotherms
(from intersection of grade and basement wall)

Heat Flow Into

Basement

t
Radial Isotherms
(from basement wall and floor)
Internal Space Loads

L
E(S+L)
P(S+L)
 Heat Transfer from People
Heat is transferred from the body by:
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
• Evaporation

Body Temperature 98.6° F

Heat Gain from People
Sensible Latent Total
Btuh Btuh Btuh

Theatre 230 120 350

Office 245 205 450

Dancing 325 525 850

Bowling 525 925 1450

 Lighting (Incandescent)
Convection and Conduction (0.10  W)

Radiation Light
(0.80  W) (0.10  W)

Heat Gain to Space (q) = W  3.4 Btuh/Watt

Where:
Where: W
W == Energy
Energy Input
Input to
to Lights
Lights in
in Watts
Watts

W
 Lighting (Fluorescent)
Ballast Loss W
0.1W Lamp Power
Light 0.9W
0.25  0.9W
0.225W

Conduction and Convection = 0.50  0.9W = 0.45W

Radiation = 0.25  0.9W = 0.225W

Heat Gain to Space (q) = W  3.4 Btuh/Watt

or 0.9W  1.11  3.4
Where: W == Total
Total Energy
Energy input
input to
to lights
lights in
in Watts
Watts
0.9W == Rated
Rated Lamp
Lamp Watts
Watts
 Electric Equipment (“Plug” Load )

0.81 W/ft2

3750 Btuh Sensible 135 W

1910 Btuh Latent 460 Btuh
Electric Motors

CLICK FOR Electric Motor Efficiencies &

WORKSHEET
Motor Nameplate
Or Rated Standard EPACT Min.
Horsepower Efficiency Efficiency
1/20 35.0 –
1/12 35.0 –
–
 Gas-Fired Equipment
TABLE 51–HEAT GAIN FROM RESTAURANT APPLIANCES
NOT HOODED*–GAS BURNING AND STEAM HEATED

RECOM HEAT GAIN

OVERALL TYPE MFR MAIN- FOR AVG USE
DIMENSIONS OF MISCELLANUOUS MAX TAIN-
APPLIANCE Sensible Latent Total
Less Legs and CON- DATA RATING ING
Handles (in.) TROL RATE Heat Heat Heat
Btuh Btuh Btuh Btuh Btuh

GAS BURNING
Coffee Brewer–½ gal
Man. Combination brewer 3400 1350 350 1700
Warmer–½ gal
Man. And warmer 500 500 400 100 500

Coffee Brewer Unit with 4 Brewers and 4½

19 x 30 x 26H
Tank gal tank 7500 1800 9000
Coffee Urn–3 gal 15” Dia x 34H Auto. Black finish 3200 3900 2900 2900 5800
STORED ENERGY FROM
LIGHTS
FLUORESCENT
LIGHTS
STORED HEAT

HEAT
HEAT
CARPET

STORED HEAT
 System Loads
(S+T)R
RAFH RDLG RDHG
SDHG
(When Return
Air Plenum) (S+T)W
SDLL(S+L)
CBP L

OA(S+L)

PiHG SAFH

PuHG
 SUPPLY AIR DUCT LOSSES

BYPASSED SUPPLY DUCT

OUTDOOR AIR HEAT GAIN
SUPPLY DUCT LEAKAGE
LOSS

FAN
HEAT

AIR CONDITIONED
SPACE
 RETURN AIR DUCT LOSSES

RETURN DUCT
LEAKAGE GAIN
RETURN AIR

RETURN DUCT
HEAT GAIN

OUTDOOR
AIR
 Piping, Tanks and Evaporation

Supply Piping
Chiller
and/or
Boiler Expansion Tank

Coil
Coil Coil
Coil

Two-Way Valve

Return Piping Three-Way

Pump Valve
 CEILING PLENUM RETURN
INTERMEDIATE FLOOR

RETURN AIR
30% CEILING
RETURN PLENUM
AIR

70% LIGHT HEAT

 CEILING PLENUM RETURN
TOP FLOOR

RETURN AIR
70%
30% ROOF
HEAT
RETURN
AIR

30%
ROOF
HEAT
70%
ROOF HEAT
DUCTED RETURN WITH
SPECIAL FIXTURES

80% LIGHT HEAT

100%
ROOF
20% HEAT
LIGHT
HEAT
Creeping Safety Factor

Final Airflow
Final Safety
Factor = 28%
 The Refrigeration Cycle

Cooling Coil or
Evaporator Coil

The refrigeration cycle makes the cooling coil

cold.
 Refrigeration Cycle
Thermostatic Expansion Valve

Evaporator

Condenser Compressor
 Cooling and Dehumidifying
Entering Air Cooling Coil Leaving Air
78° F 55° F
49% rh 100% rh
72 gr/lb 64 gr/lb

8 grains less
(72 – 64)

Condensation

Section 6 – Air Systems

 Psychrometric Plot Of HVAC System
AA Room
Room condition
condition
BB Outside
Outside condition
condition
CC Mixed
Mixed condition
condition
EE Room
Room sensible
sensible heat
heat line
line
DD Effective
Effective coil
coil temperature
temperature
11 Coil
Coil leaving
leaving temperature
temperature
1-2
1-2 Fan
Fan heat
heat
2-3
2-3 Duct
Duct heat
heat

wb dp °F

db °F

Dry Bulb Temperature db (°F)

 Heating Load Components
TR
RDLL RDHL
SDHL

SDLL

OA(S+L)
TG
IG

IW
TP
TW

TF
Think Systems and Subsystems
System Components Subsystems
Air System Furnace Ductwork
Evaporator Electrical Power Wiring
Electronic Air Cleaner Electrical Control Wiring
Humidifier
Heat Recovery Ventilator
Supply Diffusers
Return Grilles
Mechanical Evaporator Refrigerant Piping
Refrigeration Compressor Condensate Piping
System Condenser Electrical Power Wiring
Metering Device Electrical Control Wiring
Heating Furnace or Fan Coil Ductwork
System Humidifier Gas/Oil Piping
Thermostat Flue Gas Venting
Humidistat Electrical Power Wiring
Heat Recovery Ventilator Electrical Control Wiring
HRV Controller Condensate Piping
Cooling Furnace or Fan Coil Ductwork
System Evaporator Condensate Piping
Metering Device Refrigerant Piping
Condensing Unit Electrical Power Wiring
Thermostat Electrical Control Wiring
Heat Recovery Ventilator
HRV Controller
 Thank You
Block Load Demo