Classical to

Modern Political
Ideologies
• Political statements that aim to
call upon massive mass or
government action to achieve a
relatively better political and
economic condition. (Baradat
1997)
• Goal oriented

Ideology
• First formal use of ideology as
a political science jargon.

Claude Destutt De Tracy

(1754-1836)
Frederick Watkins (1969)
• Characterized by a resistant to change, adherent to limited
human freedom as it chooses to maintain traditional values
and at some extreme versions distrust to human reasoning
and nature or anti-egalitarianism. (Sargent 2009)

• “Social problems are not always solved by reason” and that

the leftist always imagines that things are better now but in
reality, “violent upheavals always make things worse.” Sen.
Defensor- Santiago

Conservatism
• Opposite of conservatism for it favor
changes, prefers more freedom, and
has a more optimistic approach to
human reasoning and nature (Sargent
2009)

Liberalism
Classical Liberalism Modern Liberalism
• Government • Open in the
does not interfere idea that, at a
with the market.
• Laissez-faire
certain time
system proposed the
by Adam Smith government
in his Wealth of will interfere.
Nations
• One should be careful in branding
communism, socialism or any other similar
ideologies as Marxists because they may
not necessarily reflect the ideas of Karl
Marx.
• Some of the ideological and conceptual
bases of Marxism are the ff:

Marxism
• Relationship between two or more
people or parts of oneself in which
one is cut off from, a stranger or alien,
the others (Sargent 2009)
• Capitalism is a great factor at this
phenomenon.

Alienation
• Struggle between the
bourgeoisie (capitalist or
middle class) and the
proletariat (workers).

Class Struggle
 • Marxism and the offshoots of this
ideology offer a complex perspective and
usage of materialism.
• “How people think is greatly affected by
how you live”
(Sargent 2009)

Materialism
• It is violent.
• The proletariat will topple down the
elite class and all the system they have
made.
• It is an inevitable process that will
eventually lead to classless ideal
society in the form of communism.
(Sargent 2009)

Revolution
• Anarchists believe that since power
corrupts, a better system based on
voluntary cooperation and not on power
relations should be established, and that
this system will address the needs of the
people more successfully.
(Sargent 2009)

Anarchism
• Another version of anarchism but
involves the government in a minimal
role such as ensuring the safety of
everyone and fairness in whatever
contracts or dealings. (Sargent 2009)

Libertarianism