CLASSICAL TO MODERN

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
HUMSS 2
WHAT IS IDEOLOGY?

 Ideology is basically defined as a political statements that aim to call upon massive mass or
government action to achieve a relatively better political and economic condition ( Baradat, 1997)
 Ideology is an interrelated set of ideas that in some way guides or inspires political action’
(Heywood, 2002).
 An ideology is a reasonably coherent structure of thought shared by a group of people. It is a
means of explaining how society works and explaining how it ought to work.’ (Dobson, 1992).
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
1. CONSERVATISM
FOCUS ON CONSERVING SOMETHING.
CHARACTERIZE BY ; resistant to change, maintain cultural values, and distrust to human reasoning and
nature or egalitarianism (sargent 2009)
According to senator defensor – Santiago 2002, “ Social problems are not always solved by reason” and that
the leftist always imagines that things are better now butbin reality, violent upheavals always make things
worse”
 Types of conservatism
• Traditional conservatism • One-nation conservatism • Liberal conservatism
2. Liberalilism
it can be said that liberalism is the opposite of conservatism for it
favors change, prefers more freedom, and has a more optimistic
approach to human reasoning and nature ( Sragent, 2009)
Types of liberalism
o classical Liberalism
o progressive liberalism
o neo-liberalism
3. Marxism
conceptual bases of Marxism:
A. Alienation. This is the relationship between two or more people or
parts of oneself in which one is cut off from, a stranger or alien, the other
(Sargent, 2009). For Marx, alienation in its basic form is the alienation
from one’s labor( or product of one” labor), and capitalism is a great
factor in this phenomenon.
B. Class Struggle
The struggle between the bourgeoisie ( the capital or
middle class) and the proletariat (workers)
C. Materialism
“ how people think is greatly affected by how you live”
D. Revolution
revolution as a good and inevitable process that will eventually lead
to a classless ideal society in the form of communism (Sargent 2009)
4. Anarchism
Anarchists believe that since power corrupts, a better system based on
voluntary cooperation and not on power relations should be established and
that this system will address the needs of people more successfully.
(Sargent, 2009)
Alexander Berkman (1964) “ Anarchism teaches that we can live in a
society where there is no compulsion of any kind.
5. Libertarianism
another version of Anarchism but involves the government in a minimal
role such as ensuring the safety of everyone
6. Socialism
• Collectivism
• Equality
• Opposed to capitalism
• Human beings are capable of self- fulfilment if given the opportunity by society
 Types of socialism
• Revolutionary socialism • Democratic socialism • Social democracy