Management

GROUP 2 PRESENTATION
Work Breakdown Structure

 A deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the

project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required objectives.
 A work breakdown structure defines all the things a project needs to accomplish, organized
into multiple levels, and displayed graphically.
 Everything you need to accomplish in the project is displayed in a single, easy to
understand chart.
• The purpose of this chart is to break down complex activities into smaller, more
management constituents.
WBS

Characteristics of a WBS
 Hierarchy: The WBS is hierarchical in nature. Each level exists in a strict hierarchical
relationship with the parent level. The sum of all the elements should give you the parent
element.
 100% rule: Every level of decomposition must make up 100% of the parent level. It should
also have at least two child elements.
 Mutually exclusive: All elements at a particular level in a WBS must be mutually exclusive.
There must be no overlap in either their deliverables or their work. This is meant to reduce
miscommunication and duplicate work.
 Outcome-focused: The WBS must focus on the result of work, i.e. deliverables, rather than
the activities necessary to get there. Every element should be described via nouns, not verbs.
This is a big source of confusion for beginners to WBS.
How to create a WBS

1) Understand the Project’s Scope

2) Determine Major Deliverables
3) Determine Work Packages
4) Create a WBS Dictionary
5) Use the Right WBS Format
Merits of the WBS (Advantages)

 Project schedule: The WBS is the foundation of the project schedule and budget. Once you know
all the deliverables required to complete the project, as well as their hierarchical relationships, it
will be much easier to assign resources and set deadlines.
 Accountability: Since all elements in a WBS are mutually exclusive, it helps create
accountability. A team assigned to a single work package is wholly accountable for its completion.
This reduces overlaps in responsibility.
 Commitment: The WBS gives teams a very high-level overview of their responsibilities. Since
each team is responsible for a specific component at a time, it helps make them more committed
to completing their assigned tasks.
 Reduces ambiguities: The process of developing the WBS involves the project manager, project
team, and all relevant stakeholders. This encourages dialog and helps everyone involved flesh out
their responsibilities. Thus, everyone has less ambiguity and a better idea of what they're supposed
to do.
Demerits (Disadvantages)

 Requires active management of interfaces

 Increased work burdens on management and management functions like planning,
organizing, monitoring, and review
 Potential demarcation problems
Total Quality Management

Definition:
 A core definition of total quality management (TQM) describes a management approach to
long-term success through customer satisfaction. In a TQM effort, all members of an
organization participate in improving processes, products, services, and the culture in
which they work.
Elements of a TQM
1.Customer-focused: The customer ultimately determines the level of quality. No matter what
an organization does to foster quality improvement—training employees, integrating quality
into the design process, or upgrading computers or software—the customer determines
whether the efforts were worthwhile.
2.Total employee involvement: All employees participate in working toward common goals.
Total employee commitment can only be obtained after fear has been driven from the
workplace, when empowerment has occurred, and when management has provided the proper
environment. High-performance work systems integrate continuous improvement efforts with
normal business operations. Self-managed work teams are one form of empowerment.
3.Process-centered: A fundamental part of TQM is a focus on process thinking. A process is a
series of steps that take inputs from suppliers (internal or external) and transforms them into
outputs that are delivered to customers (internal or external). The steps required to carry out
the process are defined, and performance measures are continuously monitored in order to
detect unexpected variation.
Other elements of the TQM

1. Integrated system: Although an organization may consist of many different functional

specialties often organized into vertically structured departments, it is the horizontal
processes interconnecting these functions that are the focus of TQM.

2. Strategic and systematic approach: 

3. Continual improvement: 
4. Fact-based decision making: 
5. Communications: 
Advantages And Disadvantages of TQM

ADVANTAGES 
1. Lower Costs :TQM lowers costs throughout the business infrastructure and organization.
2. Improved Reputation :TQM programs have the advantage of improving corporate as well as
product reputations in the marketplace, because errors and defective products are discovered
much more rapidly than under a non-TQM system, and often before they are ever sent to market
or found in the hands of the public.
DISADVANTAGES
3. Resistance to Change :Workers may feel that their jobs or occupations within the company are
at risk under a comprehensive TQM program, and as a result, they may be slow or resistant to
making the necessary changes for the TQM program to work properly
4. High Cost of Time :The high cost of implementing a TQM program, and the fact that it may
take several years for the program to be fully implemented before results and benefits are seen,
can be a huge disadvantage to a TQM program, especially in today's uncertain economic
conditions.