Scope of Project Management :- 1) Project Integration Management: This area is associated with the

harmonisation of various management knowledge areas of the project during its entire lifespan. 2)
Project Scope Management: Project Scope Management forms the most complex and significant facet
of any project management. Scope of a project management covers the entire gamut of the process
associated with the creation of product/service as mentioned in the project planning. 3) Project Time
Management: Timely completion of a project is the essence of any project objective, the significance of
which lies in the fact that it cannot be compromised. As it is devoid of any flexibility, it is considered to
be one of the major challenges before the project managers. 4) Project Cost Management: The
objective of project cost management is to ensure that the actual cost involved in a project remains
within the budgeted plan. In order to achieve the above objective, a suitable system needs to be put in
place for monitoring expenses incurred in various processes of project implementation. 5) Project
Quality Management: The term 'quality' is not easy to define. Various authorities of this field have
defined 'quality' in their own way. However, their definitions are based upon the underlying premise of
"compliance with requirements and fitness for use".

Project Management Process :- A documented project plan is the end product of the planning process,
which is delivered to the implementation process. As the project moves ahead, the implementation
process delivers documented updates to the planning process.1) Initiation Process: This is the first
stage of a project after its conceptualisation, when it gets recognition as a new project. An existing
project, moving from one phase to the next one is also said to be in initiating process. 2) Planning
Process: Planning forms one of the most important processes of the project management. It involves a
number of new activities. Planning Process may be sub-divided into two sub-processes; i) Core
Processes: They are the processes, which are largely inter-linked and dependent upon each other. They
necessarily follow a specific pattern (order) in most of the projects. 3) Implementation Process:- i)
Project Plan Implementation: Implementation of the project plan is the key sub-process of the
implementation process. As such, the lion's share of the budget is allocated for this sub-process. Ii)
Scope Verification: Scope Verification provides a formal approval of the project scope by all the
Stakeholders, ie, owners, shareholders and others. It is a significant sub-process as it leads to project
Delivery in a satisfactory manner according to the mandate. 4) Controlling process :- This process is an
ongoing exercise of monitoring and controlling various facets of a project. It facilitates measurement of
project performance from time to time, with a view to check any deviation from the plan and set it right.
Controlling process ensures curbing (if not eliminating totally) of time-overruns, cost-overruns, delays,
etc. and also the maintenance overall quality. 5) Closing Process: Once a project is completed and it has
achieved the cherished goals/objectives, it need to be properly closed. Closure of a project is also
considered an important activity of a project cycle. It involves handing over of the project along with the
necessary documents, to the client and his satisfaction and acceptance of the same.

Process Breakdown Structure :- An offshore mining facility and a new car prototype are the tangible
deliverables as the outcomes of those projects which are designed and created through a suitable WBS.
In order to get tangible deliverables, the entire project may be divided into the major deliverables, sub-
deliverables, additional sub-deliverables, and finally into the work packages. WBS is not suited for
certain projects such as the project provide less tangible outcomes and the process-oriented projects,
where the ultimate outcome is a product of a series of steps or phases. The projects produce less
tangible outcomes are different to the projects producing tangible outcomes because the product
produce over a time period at each phase will get transformed into fresh new product in the following .
Importance of Project Management :- 1) Compression of Product Life Cycle: The importance of project
management lies in the fact that it facilitates reduction in the product life cycle, which is the reason for
it being always in demand. In the present day's cut-throat competitive world, marketing of a new
product with a short life cycle is very crucial, as it provides an edge over other competitors. 2) Global
Competition: In today’s era of open market, the demand for any product or service is characterised by
better quality at a lower cost. This has further paved the way to focused attention os the quality of
products and services, which has given rise to a global quality movement. This hat cumulated in the
requirement of ISO-9000 certification for conducting a business. 3) Knowledge Explosion: The growing
wave of the knowledge of new order in every field has furthe added to the complex nature of projects.
This is due to the fact that the latest advancement is the Integral part of a project.4) Corporate
Downsizing: Of late, there have been major changes in the organisational set-ups of business entities.
Restructuring the set-up as well as downsizing exercise and focusing on the basic expertise was resorted
to by most of the entities in order to stay competitive in the market. In the new order of things, the
middle management of any organisation is becoming redundant,5)Increased Customer Focus: Customer
service, of late, has gained a lot of importance, due to the existence f a highly competitive market.
Customers expectations are running quite high, and there are companies ready to meet those
expectations by designing customised products and services.

WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS) :- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), defined by the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) as a deliverable-oriented combination of the activities
related to the project helps in organising and defining the complete scope of the project. A deliverable is
referred to as a quantifiable, concrete, and verifiable outcomes or outputs or results that should be
accomplished either on completion of the whole project or on a component of a project.The process
through which the project is broken down into small tasks is known as work breakdown Structure. The
creation of deliverable task is done in such a way that it can be fairly divided among the people working
on it and the degree of control is implemented in an easy manner.

Importance of Work Breakdown Structure :- 1) Creating Comprehensive Steps: The WBS compels the
project manager, project team and clients to define the steps involved in establishing and delivering the
goods or services. 2) Foundation for Planning Schedule and Budget: It forms as a base for planning an
appropriate schedule and budgets. A definite WBS helps in distribution of resources for different
activities, forming appropriate schedules and calculating a consistent budget.3) Making People
Accountable: As WBS is comprehensive; it helps in making people accountable for completion of jobs
allotted to them. With the definite WBS, people cannot evade their responsibilities due to wideness of
the project. 4) Making People Committed: The formulation and development of WBS help in making
people committed by raising their commitment and enthusiasms. Though the project manager usually
develops a good WBS. Yet it cannot be accomplished without the participation of the team members.5)
Reporting of Project Status: The WBS is helping in reporting the status of the project. If ground level
activities are completed well, it helps in ensuring the smooth completion of higher level activities.

Responsibility Matrix :- The Responsibility Matrix is a tool which allows all the people taking part in the
project to be aware of their deliverables and be clear on what is expected of them. It is typically in the
form of a table. It shows the people who are responsible for the activities that are mentioned in the
Work Breakdown Structure. The Responsibility Matrix is important because it allocate role and
responsibilities among the team members who directly making efforts for accomplishment of the entire
project the organisation breakdown Structure is employed to assign the responsibility of individual .
Macro Estimating/Top-Down Approach :- The logic behind top-down approach is that the top
management of any organisation is too preoccupied to spare time or energy to estimate the accurate
cost associated with each and every work package of the project. However, they do have the
knowledge, experience, expertise, and maturity to offer a comprehensive estimated budget for the
project in its entirety. The detailed estimate for each and every work package and their individual tasks
is the responsibility of the personnel, down the line in the hierarchy? The process of top down approach
provides a chain of activities; starting from the estimation of the comprehensive cost of the project,
along with the costs of individual key deliverables, by the top management of an organisation. As the
next step of the process,

Micro Estimating/Bottom-Up Approach :- The bottom-up budgeting approach starts from the lower
level functionaries of the organisation as against the top-down approach, in which the process starts
from the top management. Budget in respect of individual task-levels are prepared by assigning both
direct and indirect costs relating to various factors, like, labour, material, and other overheads for the
basic tasks. The ground level employees engaged in performing these tasks are fully involved in the
process, as they are taken into confidence during collection of data regarding time and budget. Such
kind of approach has been found to have given accurate results. Once the task-level costs are arrived at,
they are aggregated to create budget at deliverable level, which are further aggregated to create the
overall budget for the project.

SCHEDULING RESOURCES :- A project plan can be transformed into a work schedule with a tool known
as resource scheduling on the basis of resources already present. Thus, such schedule must be real. In
addition to this, the workload peaks and troughs must be flattened and at the same time efforts are to
be made for completing the project befort stipulated time period. In many industries and professions,
work is contracted out to the others thus project planning is sufficient to such industries and
professions, if work is required to be carried out only upto the stag of analysis. While, resource
scheduling become important, if work is delegated to the sub-contractors, who operating through the
direct workers.

Benefits of Scheduling Resources :- If resources are scarce and activity time is limited then only the
resource-constrained schedule is suitable against the time-constrained schedule. This is something
significant to understand in order to execute the project. Hence. If material schedule is not efficient to
implement then major issues may arise for a project manager. While, if the project manager develop a
material schedule before starting a project then he has enough time to focus on other available options.
The assumptions required for developing a material schedule must be re-examined, if delay in schedule
is not acceptable or if delay results into greater risk.

MANAGING RISK OF PROJECT :- Risk refers to the probability of occurrence of specific unforeseen
events. Technically, the concept of risk is different from the concept of value and therefore, an
unforeseen event may be beneficial or adverse. However, in common parlance, risk denotes potential
negative impact of a future event. Por a project, risk is generally related to an uncertain condition or
event, happening of which may have negative or positive impact on the outcome of the project. Its two
main features are occurrence possibilities and the occurrence outcome of an event. Qualitatively, risk
has direct relation with both the expected losses which may be ocurred by an event and to the
probability of this event. Risk can be defined as, “The chance that the actual outcome from an
investment differs from the expected outcome”
Risk Management Process :- The probabilities of occurring risks are more during the concept, planning
and start-up phases of a project. Committing mistakes in time estimates or in cost estimates, and in
design of technology are some of the common events that result in risks. If such risks take place at
initial phase of a project then the impact of cost shall be low. But, if such risks take place at the ending
phase of a project then the impact of cost shall be higher.

Process of Risk Identification :-

Role of the Project Manager :- 1) Entrepreneur: It's not necessary that the project manager should be
the owner of the company or entrepreneur but should possess the skills of an entrepreneur. The
manager has the responsibility of acquiring capital amount, assets and manpower for the project.2) Key
Decision-Maker: The responsibility of distribution of resources, pronouncing project goals, Management
of expenditure and scheduling the entire plan also lies with the project manager.3) Good
Communicator: All communications related to a project are revolving around a project manager. He/she
can acts as an Information centre where all data is received and processed.4) Changing Agents: The
project manager is supposed to bring alterations and tries to minimise the conflicts Occurs due to these
modifications. These variations are likely to bring about the interplay of conflicting Forces.5) Good
Motivator: All missions, in absence of commitment and inspiration amongst the team members are
Likely to be fail. A project manager has to constantly motivate its team members even in toughest
situations. The project might undergo into those situation where chances of getting success are less.

Responsibilities of the Project Manager :- The key responsibility of the project manager is to ensure the
customers’ satisfaction should be maintained and the quality of completed work should not be
exceeding to the budgetary constraints and the given time period. The project manager is supposed to
play a leading role in accomplishment of projects goals by performing the functions. 1) Planning :- The
project manager articulates the objectives of the project goals and discusses them with the customers.
This is followed by pronouncing these goals to the entire teain, so that they can comprehend with the
things that are supposed to be a successful outcome of the project.2) Organising :- Organising means
the procurement of suitable resources for accomplishment of the project. The very first decision is
related to the tasks whether they are to be completed in-house or send to the outsourced parties like
sub-contractors or consultants. For in-house tasks, the work should be allotted to the suitable persons
who are willing to work with full real. In case of the out-sourced tasks, 3) Controlling:- In order to
control the project, the project manager is supposed to install suitable software (management
information system) which trace and contrast the actual progress against the expected progress of the
project Such comparison enables manager to find out the gap and help him/her to devise the ways for
filling it. The team members are expected to monitor and report their progress regularly. It is required
for performing the project smoothly within the budget and as per the established schedule and objectv.

Skills of the Project Manager :- The success of the entire project is depending upon the skills of the
project manager. Besides leadership trails of planning, organising and controlling, he/she is expected to
possess a set of other skills for winning the trust of clients and for inspiring the team members. These
skills are as follows: 1) Leadership Abilities 2) Coaching & Mentoring Abilities 3) Communication Skills 4)
Interpersonal Skills 5) Ability to Handle Stress (6) Problem Solving Skills 7) Time Management Skills.

Leadership Abilities :- Leadership refers to the art of motivating others towards the attainment of
particular goals. A project lender supposed to encourage the team to work as per the plan, towards
successful accomplishment of project pa He/she is expected to help the team members in visualising the
outcomes and advantage of the pect example, the project manager can discuss about the new design of
the units which will be attained through project and he can tell about the underlying advantages in form
of removing obstacles, increasing turnover lowering inventory.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS:- The project manager is expected to be good communicator. The project
manager has to continuously communicate with a number of people including the team members, client
, distributer the progress of project is depending on some comman constraints. Like constant flow com.
The Five Stage Team Development Model :- 1)Forming :- Forming is the stage that takes place when the
team members meet with each other for the first time. In this meeting, the introduction of team
members with each other takes place The information related to their backgrounds, experience, liking
are shared with each other and it helps them to develop an initial impression about the others. 2)
Storming :- Once the team members start to work with each other, the team shifts to the storming
stage. This stage cannot be ignored; each team (particularly the new team that has no experience of
working with each other) bas to pass this stage to grow as a team. This is the stage where there is a
competition among the team members for states and acceptance of their views. There will be different
types of opinions among the team about the things that can be performed and the way it has to be
executed that will result in team conflict. 3) Norming :- When there is a transition of the team into the
norming stage, the team starts to act more efficiently as a team. The individual objectives are no more
in focus but the main importance is given to the development of mutual corporation (methods and
activities). The team members start to give importance to the opinions of others and differences. They
start to give importance to these differences that appear in the team. 4) Performing :- This stage does
not have any participation of the team leader in the decision-making, problem-solving, or any associated
activities related to the daily functioning of the team. The team members start to have greater
performance as team and no monitoring is required as in the previous stages. The development of the
team will be monitored by the team leader and will enjoy the accomplishment of the milestones with
the team members to develop the team companionship. 5) Adjourning :- This stage terminates the
project and the team members disperse in different areas. This stage mainly appears as the well-being
of the team rather than from the viewpoint of team management from the basic four stages of the team
development. The team leader must make sure that the team has the time to cheer the project's
success and take note of the best practices for future purposes (in case of a failed project to determine
what happened and gather the learning for the upcoming projects).

Team Effectiveness :- When there is harmony in the efforts of the individual contributors and they
direct their actions to accomplish the mutual goals, this result in effective teamwork. The formation of a
good team is not by chance, for the development of the successful teams, some sort of involvement,
hardwork, and struggle is required. The teams that undergo the long and extensive process of
developing a committed group will result in higher productivity, fewer internal conflicts, and greater
enjoyment at the work. Improved employee motivation and business efficiency can be obtained from
effective tearns.

CONFLICT IN PROJECTS :- Conflicts similar to the changes are also quite evident in the project
environment. When there is an interaction among the members of the project team while fulfilling their
tasks and responsibilities, there is always the chances of conflict. Indeed, it is not possible for people
belonging to the different backgrounds, skills, and procedures to operate with each other, make
decisions and look to fulfil the objectives and goals of the project without encountering any kind of confl

Meaning of PMIS :- An efficient Project Management Information System (PMIS) is capable of providing
the requisite data to all the stakeholders, (internal, e.g., operational managers, project managers, and
the top management, as well as external, e.g., consumers and others) of the project. The basic
framework of a PMIS should be flexible enough to function in projects of varying types and designs with
minimum and convenient modifications to suit individual project. In a large-sized project,which consists
of multiple sub-projects, it should be able to provide necessary data to every project manager heading a
sub-project.
MONITORING TIME PERFORMANCE :- 1) Gantt Chart :- This chart concept was propounded by Henry L.
Gantt. These charts offer a quick comparison between the planned and actual performance. The
comparison is done by portraying planned work and actual performance on the chart.Gantt chart is a
form of modified bar chart. The horizontal bars are proportionate representation of each activity in
terms of time required for performing them. The chart comes with a cursor which may be moved on the
chart For making comparison between planned and the actual performance as on any particular day. 2)
tracking gantt chart :- This is a type of the Gantt chart, referred to as the tracking Gantt. It is very useful
in determining the performance of the project at a particular point of time. This method allows the team
to constantly review the performance of the project against the planned standards. It does not consider
the costs and budget expenditures but rather focuses on the completed percentage of each identified
activities at a particular point of time or on particular date.3) Milestone Chart :- A Milestone Chart, also
known as Deliverables Chart, Is an improved version of the Task List and the Bar Chart. A specific and
significant checkpoint, known as ‘milestone’, is used to monitor the progress. The upen stars in the
specimen given below denote the most important tasks that are needed to be performed in order to
ensure success and these are to be completed in their target dates.1) The star signifies a concrete and
measurable output from these tasks and is to be filled after the actual Completion of the task. 2) The
open symbols represent the planned activities. 3) The closed symbol represents the actual activities.

Networking :- To improve project planning and scheduling, a new technology was introduced in 1950s
which was named as networks. Networking replaced the matrix format of the Bar and Milestone Charts
with a free-form network. The activities under networking can also be time-scaled. It represents the
relationships between completed and started activities in the form of graphs. Networking enabled the
formal means of calculating the time taken by the activities, analysing project schedules, obstacles, and
management priorities.

INTEGRATED INFORMATION SYSTEM (IIS) :- Today the businesses are being organised and conducted in
the form of projects as it elucidates various challenges of a modern businesses by accelerating the
product life cycles, easing the complex processes, reducing the high time and cost pressure. A whole set
of managerial tasks is included in a Professional Project Management. The essential functions of project
management include management of scope, quality, time, cost, human resources, contract,
procurement and information.Such need of integration leads to the introduction of Integrated Project
Management Information System (IPMS). This system enables the computer system to perform.

Need for an Integrated Information System :- 1) Real Time Data: The integrated information system
makes all the data updated. The updated information is essential for all the departments of the
organisation whether it is marketing, 2) Better Communication: It helps the team members to have
better communication as it enables each team member to have same piece of information. 3) Reduced
Risk of Errors: The data in an integrated information system will not have to be replicated therefore the
chances of human errors are reduced.4) Greater Productivity: An integrated information system helps
the team members to focus on the tasks Rather on the waiting for the information from the other
departments.5) Safe Location: An integrated information system enables the storage of information at
one location and this can be assessed by any team member with ease.

DEVELOPING A DASHBOARD :- In order to organise information in a particular project through the

different workplaces and units, it is important to have a status dashboard of a project or to have a
tracking report of a project. Project status dashboard is an important instrument for producing up-to-.
PROJECT AUDIT :- The process of inspection of the management, methodology, techniques, procedures,
documents, properties, budgets, expenses and level of completion of project is known as 'project audit.
Project auditing can performed for whole of the project or for a part of the project. The steps included
in project audit on finishing a part of a project are same as That of a project audit on completion of an
entire project.1) Authentication of project WBS and measurement of its importance. 2) Identification of
cont, level and severity of risk 3) Actions should be taken to reduce costs; 4) Computation of risk impact
5) Progress of a project should be compared with the established objectives.

Objectives of Project Audit :- 1) To aware the project staff regarding the type and magnitude of
expected problems or risks, 2) To show the actual status of the project, 3) To identify the factors that
influence the product quality, time, and cost adversely. 4) To define the various common issues related
to the project execution. 5) To create a sound information-base to be used in estimation and costing of
project,

Drawbacks of Earned Value Management :- 1) Under the EVM exercise, although the time and cost
aspects are given due importance, quality aspect of a project is totally ignored. As a result there are
chances that a project's Earned Value (EV) indicators, Le.. Schedule Variance (SV) and Cost Variance (CV)
may be perfect, but the quality of the project may be not up to the mark, 2) EVM takes into
consideration the planned value as the basic input, on the basis of which all the calculations and
forecasting is done. However, such forecasting cannot prove correct all the time due to some
unforeseen factors. At the time of undertaking EVA, there may not be any SV or CV,3) Cost involved in
the implementation of EVM is a factor which may prevent project managers extensive use. For the
successful implementation of EVM there are two things required, viz. a software from its and
coordination between various departments of a project, and 4) In large-sized projects, the collection of
necessary data is time consuming.

Difference between CPM and PERT :-

CPM PERT
1)The result is ascertained in a manner of The result is estimated in a manner of
certainty because it is a deterministic model. probability because it is probabilistic model.
2)The dealing of the exact time of the activities 2) The activities of uncertain time are dealing in
is done in this method this done in this method.
3) This method is used for repetitive jobs such 3) This method is used for non-respective jobs
as residential construction such as planning and scheduling of research
programmes.
4) The dealing of crashing is done in the CPM 4) The dealing of crashing is not done in the
method PERT method
5) CPM technique does not use the statistical 5) PERT technique uses the statistical devices in
devices in this estimation . the estimation.
PROJECT CLOSURE :- The project is a series of tasks performed to achieve the specific goals within
specified time period. This specifies that every project has a defined start and completion date. There is
a slight difference between the projects and long-term operations that the projects are temporary by
design. NEEDS OF PROJECT CLOSURE:- 1) To transform the project deliverables to their long-term
operational status: 2) To fulfil all the remaining obligations and conduct the project review formally: 3)
To review and assess the benefits of the project; 4) To deal with the remaining issues by following .