Session 1.

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 1: Lifesyle, health and risk

Water as a solvent in transport

Mono- and Polysaccharides
Lipids

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Session 1.1

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 1: Lifesyle, health and risk

Water as a solvent in transport

Mono- and Polysaccharides
Lipids

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Water as a solvent in transport


Life on earth evolved in water, and all life still depends on water

 Almost all chemical reactions of life take place in aqueous solution

Organisms usually contain 60% to 90% of water

Lowest- Plant Seed (20%)

Highest- Jellyfish (99%)

Human (72%)

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Water as a solvent in transport

Water molecules are polar

“Negative pole”

attract each other = Formation of hydrogen

bonds
Weak, but very common and
ver important in biology
“Positive pole”

Pure water
MANY hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
Very high COHESION

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Water as a solvent in transport

Hydrogen bonds and solubility of substances

Between molecules of water and other molecules ?

NO YES

Hydrophobic substances Hydrophilic substances

Cannot dissolve in water Can dissolve in water

Lipids Ions
Some proteins Sugars
Most amino acids
Some proteins

. AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Water as a solvent in transport

Many different life solutions, such as blood and sap, are

mainly made of water

Solution = Solvent + Solutes

Sap and blood contain high amounts of water making them

good solvents

Being good solvents allows them to dissolve the substances

they are transporting

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Water as a solvent in transport

Specific heat capacity

Water has a high specific heat capacity

(4.2 joules of energy to heat 1g water by 1oC)
Water does not change temperature easily

Minimises fluctuations in temperature inside cells and

means that organisms’ temperature is quite constant
(homeostasis of body temperature)

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Session 1.1

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 1: Lifesyle, health and risk

Water as a solvent in transport

Mono- and Polysaccharides
Lipids

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

The Carbon atom and its four covalent bonds

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are macromolecules

= Polymers
Many simple molecules joined together
Monomers (basic units)

Monomers Dimers Polymers

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Soluble in water Insoluble in water

Glucose Saccharose Glycogen

Fructose = Sucrose Cellulose
Ribose Maltose Amylopectin Make up
Galactose Lactose Amylose Starch

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides

General Formula Cn n

Carbon Water

Carbo hydrates

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

General formula = Cn(H2O)n

Monosaccharides provide energy

eg Glucose
Can be used directly in cell respiration
Glucose
Condensed together into polysaccharides

Condensation Hydrolysis

Polysaccharides store energy

eg Starch in plants, Glycogen in animals
Made up of many glucose joined together
Can be hydrolysed into glucose

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

Condensation and Hydrolysis

(Polymerization and Depolymerization)

Monosaccharides Monosaccharides

Disaccharides Disaccharides

Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

Two Monosaccharides joined together

=
Disaccharide

Formation of one Glycosidic bond

Sucrose =Saccharose, Lactose, Maltose

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

Mono- and Polysaccharides

Glycosidic bond

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Mono- and Polysaccharides

Many Monosaccharides joined together

=
Polysaccharide

Formation of many Glycosidic bonds

Glycogen, Amylose, Amylopectin, Cellulose

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

Mono- and Polysaccharides

Glycosidic bond

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

Mono- and Polysaccharides

Glycosidic
bond
AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.
 Session 1.1

Unit 1: Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health

Topic 1: Lifesyle, health and risk

Water as a solvent in transport

Mono- and Polysaccharides
Lipids

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Lipids

Fatty Acids
Saturated Unsaturated

Contain double bond(s)

between carbon atoms

Chain of
Carbon + Hydrogen

End in

COOH
Both contain one double bond
between a carbon and an oxygen AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.
 Lipids

Fatty Acids
Saturated Unsaturated

Unsaturated Monounsaturated

Polyunsaturated
AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.
 Lipids

Triglycerides

+ Three Fatty acids One Glycerol

Not always the same Always the same molecule

3 molecules

Saturated or Unsaturated

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Lipids

Triglycerides Hydrophobic

+ Three Fatty acids One Glycerol

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.

 Lipids

Formation and hydrolysis of Triglycerides

Ester bond

Triglyceride

AS Edexcel Biology Ms.Isra’a Ja’abo.