Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gec 210: Engineering Mathematics: Part 6: Complex Numbers
Gec 210: Engineering Mathematics: Part 6: Complex Numbers
MATHEMATICS
OLABODE SANMI
Department of Petroleum Engineering,
PART 6: COMPLEX
Covenant University, Ota
Nigeria
NUMBERS.
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
COURSE CONTENT.
1. Real and Imaginary parts of a complex number
2. The complex plane.
3. Terminology and Notation.
4. Complex Algebra
5. De’Moivre’s Theorem
6. Powers and Roots of Complex Numbers.
7. Euler’s Formula
8. Elementary Functions of a Complex Variable.
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
RECOMMENDED TEXTS
1. MODERN ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS FOURTH EDITION BY GYLN
JAMES
2. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS BY STROUD K.A
3. ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHS BY KRESZIG
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION
Consider the two graphed equations below.
yx 2
x2 y x2 x 2
y y
6 10
2
y=x -x-2 y = x2 - x + 2
4 8
6
2
4
0 x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 2
-2
0 x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
The roots of the first (left) are x = 2 and x2 = -1 these roots are on the x-intercept
and are real roots for the equation y x x 2
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
•
b b 2 4ac
x 2a
1 7 7 1 7 0.5 1.323 1
x 2
12 2
12 2
1
• Powers of j
Since j 1 let us consider some powers of j
1
j j 1 j3 j2 j 1 j j
2
j 1 1 1 j5 j4 j1 1 j j
j j
4
2 2
1 1
2
24 107 3. j17 .
Exercise: Evaluate 1 . j ; 2 . j ;
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 7
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
• classwork
1. Simplify i j2 ; ii j9 ; iii j60; iv j31;
2. Compute:
i 2 - j7 4 j3 ; ii 3 j2 3 j2 ;
iii 4 j3 4 j3 ; iv 5 j4 3 j2 4 j3 .
3. Express in the form a + j b :
i 2 - j7 4 j3
ii 3 j2 3 j2
iii 4 j3 4 j3
iv 5 j4 3 j2 4 j3
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 10
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Complex conjugates
Thus far our multiplication of complex numbers have produced complex numbers:
5 j3 7 j4
2. 5 j3
6. 6 j3
5 j3 10 j9
3. 5 j3
7. 7 j8
5 j3 2
4.
3 j2 2
8
z r = length of vector
= angle with 0X
6
j r y
4
02 θ r2 x2 y2 r x2 y2
0 x
0 2 4 x 6 8 10
y 1 y
and tan tan x x
also x r cos and y r sin θ
z x jy z r cos jr sin θ r cos j sin θ
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 15
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
2
r x2 y2
θ x
00
0
x 6
2 84 10
1 y Mind the quadrant!
3. Compute tan x
4. Assemble z x jy z r cos j sin θ
is the required polar form of the complex number.
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 16
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
2. Evaluate
1
-4
-x 0 X
4 2 3 2
-5 -4 -3 -2 θ -1 0 1
-3
-1
r
r -2
-j
z -3
r 25 5
-4
-Y
1. 5 j3
2. 8 j3
3. 3 j2
4. 5 j7
5. 2 j7
6. 5 j7
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 20
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
• Classwork
1. (a) Simplify by using negative angles
i . z 2.6 cos 345 j sin 345 ii . z 13 cos 285 j sin 285
(b) Express in proper polar form of z r cos j sin
i. z 7 cos 20 j sin 20 ii . z 3 cos 5 j sin 5
2. Given z1 17 cos 28 j sin 28 ; and z 2 4 cos 59 j sin 59
(a) Express in the form z r cos j sin
i . z1 z 2 ; ii . zz1 ; iii . z2 ; iv . 1
z1
.
2 z 1
(b) Express in the form z a jb
i . z1 ; ii . z 2 ; iii . z1 z 2 ; iv . z1
.
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 z2 24
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
• 2. principal roots
This is the root whose vector (graphical representation of the polar form - §5.3) is
closest to the positive OX axis.
E.g. 1. z 81 cos 20 j sin 20
Principal z 9 cos 10 j sin 10 ; @ k 0
• Classwork
1. (a) Express in polar form: z1 3 j4; z 2 5 j2
(b) Hence, evaluate in the form z r cos j sin
4 z23
i. z ; ii . z 23 ; iii . z 4 z 3 ; iv . 4 .
1 1 2 z1
(c) Express in the form z a jb
4 3 4 3 z 23
i . z1 ; ii. z 2 ; iii . z1 z 2 ; iv. 4 .
z1
2. (a) Given z1 32 cos 65 j sin 55 z 2 625 cos 28 j sin 28
Obtain all the values (roots) of i . 5 z1 ; ii . 4 z2 .
(b) Evaluate the principal value of
i . 3 7 cos 120 j sin 120 6 ii.
64 cos 282 jsin 282
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 29
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
cos 2 sin 2 j 2 cos sin cos 2 j sin 2
2 2
Equating real parts cos sin cos 2
And equating Imaginary parts 2 cos sin sin 2
Class Work 22: Find the expansion of
i . cos 3 ; ii . sin 5 ; iii . sin 4 ; iv . cos6 .
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 30
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
zn n 1
From which z n 2 cos n Take good note
z
of these
and z n 1n j2 sin n
z
5
Example: expand sin
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 31
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
1 1 1
j32 sin z 5 z
5 5 3
10 z 10 z 5 3 5
z z
5 1 3
5
z 5 z 13 10 z 1z
j 32 sin
5 z
5
z
j32 sin j2 sin 5 j10 sin 3 j20 sin
5
sin
j2
sin 5 5 sin 3 10 sin
j 32
5
sin
1
sin 5 5 sin 3 10 sin
16
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 32
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS
3 3 1
1
8 cos x z 3 3 z z
z
cos x 2 cos 3 x 6 cos x
3 1
8
i .e . cos x cos 3 x 3 cos x
3 1
4
03/11/2021 COVENANT UNIVERSITY GEC 210 33
PART 6: COMPLEX NUMBERS