ADVANCE

MATHS
FORMULA BOOK
Useful for SSC, Railway & all other
Competitive Examinations

RAMO SIR
CAT 99.99%iler
 INDEX
Sr. No. Topic Name
1. Number system
2. Algebra
3. Simplification, Surds and Indices
4. Trigonometry
5. Height and distance
6. Geometry
7. Co-ordinate Geometry
8. Mensuration (2D+3D)
 Number System

Number System
 Number System
• Divisibility by 16 – Number will be divisible by 16 if last
4 digits is divisible by 16.
Note – A number will be perfect square if its last digit has
(0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 9)
• Divisibility by 3 - Number will be divisible by 3 if sum of
digits of number is divisible by 3.
• Divisibility by 9 - Number will be divisible by 9 if sum of
digits of number is divisible by 9.
• Divisibility by 11 –

1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 5 ⇒ This sum must be 0, 11 or multiple of

11, so 98754321 Not divisible by 11.
1.1 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS • Divisibility by 7,11,13- If a number is divisibly by 7,11,13,
1. UNIT DIGIT then it will be divisible by 1001. The number will be in
• Cyclicity = 1 form XYZXYZ
{0, 1, 5, 6} Eg. If a number 238abc is divisible by 7,11,13, then find
a+b+c?
• Cyclicity = 2 Sol. since it is divisible by 7,11,13 then a=2, b=3, c=8
4odd = 4 9odd = 9 Therefore a+b+c= 2+3+8=13
4even = 6 9even = 1 3. FACTORS
{4, 9}
• Cyclicity = 4
{2, 3, 7, 8}
Ø Step 1 – Divide the number by 4 and find out the
remainder (R)
R
Ø Step 2 - {2, 3, 7, 8} ® unit digit.

Eg. 241 ´ 742 ´ 843 . Find unit digit • Number of factors- ap ´ bq ´ cr

Sol. 2 ´ 742 ´ 843 Number of factors = (p+1)(q+1)(r+1)
Cyclicity = 4 divide power by 4 find R. Eg. 2160 = 24 x 33 x 51
Number of factors = 5 x 4 x 2 = 40
Unit digit ® 21 ´ 72 ´ 83 ® 2 × 9 × 2 ® 6
Eg. Find unit digit of 1! + 2! + 3! + ………+100! • Number of even factors – of 2p bqcr = p ( q + 1)(r + 1)
Sol. 1! + 2! + 3! + 4! + 5! +…. +100! (from 5! to 100! Every
Eg. 100 = 22 ´ 52
term has 0 in the last)
1 + 2 + 6 + 24 ® 2 + 1 = 3 é 20 50 ù
ê ú
NOTE : ê 21 51 ú
If any power gets divided by 4 completely,then take ê ú
R=4 ê 22 52 ú
êë úû
2. DIVISIBILITY 2 ´ 3 ® 6 No. of even factors.
• Divisibility by 2 - Number will be divisible by 2 if last digit
be is divisible by 2.
• Divisibility by 4 – Number will be divisible by 4 if last 2 • Number of odd factors – 2p bqcr = 20 ( q + 1)(r + 1)
digit is divisible by 4. ⇒ (q + 1) (r + 1)
• Divisibility by 8 - Number will be divisible by 8 if last 3
Eg. 100 = 22 ´ 52
digits is divisible by 8.
 Number System
é 0 50 ù 5. REMAINDER THEOREM
odd ê 2 ú
• Dividend = divisor × quotient + remainder
even ê 21 ´ 51 ú
ê ú Eg.
even ê22 ´ 52 ú
ëê ûú
1×3=3
No. of odd factors of 100 is 3.
• Sum of factors

( )(
apbqcr = a0 + a1 + …ap b0 + b1 + …bq c0 + c1 + ....cr )( )
17 = 5 × 3 + 2
Eg. 100 = 22 ´ 52
NOTE :
20 ® 50
21 ® 51
22 ® 52

(50
)(
+ 51 + 52 20 + 21 + 22 ) Divisor = x = r1 + r2 - r3
Eg - When a certain number is divided by a certain divisor
• Sum of even factors leaves remainder 43 and another number is divided by
( )(
2p bq cr = 21 + 22 + …2p b0 + b1 + …bq c0 + c1 + …cr )( ) same divisor leaves remainder 37. If sum of both number
is divided by same divisor leaves remainder 13. Find
4
Eg. 240 = 2 ´ 3 ´ 5 1 1 divisor?
Sum of even factors Sol. Divisor = 43 + 37 – 13 = 67

( )(
= 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 30 + 31 50 + 51 )( ) x
D
® Rem. = R
Þ 30 ´ 4 ´ 6 = 720
2x 2R
® Rem. =
• Sum of odd factors – D D

(
2p bq cr Þ 20 b0 + b1 + …bq c0 + c1 + …cr )( ) x
D
® Rem. = R
Eg. 240 = 24 ´ 31 ´ 51 x2 R2
(2 )(3
0 0
+3 1
)(5 0 1
)
+ 5 = 1´ 4 ´ 6 = 24. D
® Rem. =
D
x R3
number of factors ® Rem. =
D D
• Product of factors – N 2 ( ) • Concept of Remainder
Sum of factor A +B +C +D A + BR + CR + DR
Average of factors = ®R = R
No. of factors M M
A ´B ´ C ´D AR ´ BR ´ CR ´ DR
• Number of Prime factors - If ap bq cr than No. of Ø ®R =
M M
prime factors is p + q + r.
Ø Concept Negative Remainder –
Eg. No. of prime factors of 213 315 516 ® 13 +15 + 16
= 44

4. NUMBER OF ZEROES
én ù é n ù é n ù Ø Remainders of algebraic expressions
No. of zeros = No. of 5 = ê ú + ê ú + ê ú + …
ë 5 û ë 52 û ë 53 û
Eg. Find No. of zeros in 100! ?
Sol – ( x + a)n ® R = an
x
Or

20 + 4 = 24
 Number System

( tx + a)x ® R = an éët - multiple of xùû

x
6. FERMAT THEOREM
NOTE:
aP -1 If two number are divided by their difference or factor of
=R ®1
P difference then it leaves same remainder.
P is a Prime number and a, p both are co-prime • Important Type-
2100 Q. Find the largest number which can divide x, y, z
Eg. Find the remainder in ? exactly.
101
Sol. HCF of x, y, z
2100 Q. Find the largest number which can divided x, y, z and
Sol - ® R = 1.
101 leaves remainder ‘r’ in each case.
7. WILSON THEOREM Sol. HCF of x–r, y–r, z–r
or
(P - 1)! = P - 1 remainder HCF of x - y , y - z , z - x
P
Q. Find the largest number which can divided x, y, z and
P is a prime no.
leaves remainder a, b, c.
28! Sol. HCF of (x-a), (y-b), (z-c)
Eg. Find the remainder in ?
29 10. Relation between HCF and LCM
Sol – Remainder is 28.
• Product of two number = Product of their HCF and LCM
8. LCM & HCF- NOTE:
• Least Common Multiple (LCM) - LCM of x, y, z is the If HCF of two number is H then number can be Hx and
smallest number which is exactly divisible by x, y, z. Hy where x and y are relatively prime numbers.
Eg. Multiple of 12 – 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 11. LCM and HCF of fraction
16 – 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96
Common – 48, 96
Least – 48. ® LCM
• Important type a c e LCM of a,c, e
LCM of , , =
Q. Find the smallest number which is exactly divisible by b d f HCF of b,d, f
x, y, z?
Sol. LCM of x, y, z.
Q. Find the smallest number which is divided by x, y, z
and leaves remainder r? a c e HCF of a, c, e
HCF of , , =
Sol. LCM of (x, y, z) + r b d f LCM of b,d, f
Q. Find the smallest number k which is divided by x, y, z 12. SEQUENCE AND SERIES
and leaves remainder a, b, c respectively.
Sol. LCM of (x, y, z) – k, where • Arithmetic Progression (AP)
k=x–a=y–b=z–c AP series
® a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d………
9. HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR (HCF)
Where a = 1st term, d = Common difference
HCF of x, y, z is the largest number which can divide x, y, Ø nth term, an = a + (n – 1)d
z exactly
n n
Eg. Factors of 12 ® 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 12 Ø Sum of n terms, Sn = éë2a + (n - 1) dùû = éëa + lùû , where l
2 2
Factor of 16 ® 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
is the last term.
Common ® 1, 2, 4
Highest ® 4 ® HCF NOTE:
NOTE: n (n + 1)
Ø Sum of 1st ‘n’ natural numbers =
HCF can never be greater than the difference of two 2
numbers. HCF may be difference or factor of difference. Ø Sum of 1st ’n’ odd numbers
é last term + 1ù
= n2 ® ê where Þ n = ú
ë 2 û
 Number System
Ø Sum of 1st ‘n’ even numbers Ø nth term = an = arn-1
é Last term ù where a is the first term, r is the common ratio, and n is
= n(n + 1) ® ên = ú
ë 2 û the number of terms.
Ø Sum of squares of 1st ‘n’ natural numbers Ø Sum of n terms of a geometric progression

=
n (n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6 Sn =
(
a 1- rn ) when r ¹ 1
1- r
2
é n (n + 1) ù sn = na when r = 1
st
Ø Sum cubes of 1 n natural numbers = ê ú
ëê 2 ûú Where n = number of
2n (n + 1)( 2n + 1) terms, a = first term, and d = common difference
Ø Sum of squares of 1st n even numbers = a
3 Ø Sum of infinite GP = , where -1<r<1.
1- r
• Geometric Progression (GP)
 Algebra

Algebra
 Algebra
5. SPECIAL CASE 3
a b
• If + = 1 then a³ + b³ = 0
b a
1 1 1
• If - = then a3 + b3 = 0
a b a-b
6. SPECIAL CASE 4
a b
• If + = -1 then a3 - b3 = 0
b a
a b 1
• If + = then a3 - b3 = 0
b a a+b

7. SPECIAL CASE 5
1
• If ab (a + b) = 1 then - a3 - b3 = 3
3 3
ab
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS • a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc =
1 é 2 2 2ù
1. SQUARE FORMULA = ( a + b + c ) ê( a - b) + (b - c ) + (c - a) ú
2 2 ë û
• (a + b ) = a2 + b2 + 2ab

• (a 2
- b ) = a + b - 2ab
2 2 (
= ( a+b+c ) a2 +b2 +c2 -ab-bc-ca )
é 2 ù
2 = ( a+b+c ) ê( a+b+c ) -3 (ab+bc+ca)ú
• (a + b ) = (a - b)2 + 4ab ë û
2 2
• (a - b) = (a + b) - 4ab (
Ø If a + b + c = 0 )
• (a - ab + b ) (a + ab + b ) = a
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
+ a b +b2b4
Then a + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
3

2 2 a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
• (a + b ) – ( a - b ) = 4ab
Ø If a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0
• a2 - b2 = ( a + b ) ( a - b )
a, b and c are distinct no
2
• (a + b + c ) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 ( ab + bc + ca) then, a + b + c = 0

2. CUBE FORMULA Ø a³ + b³+ c³- 3abc = 0

3 a, b and c all are +ve integer no then, a = b = c.
• (a + b ) = a3 + b3 + 3ab ( a + b )
3 Ø a2 + b2 + c2 - ab – bc – ca = 0
• a3 + b3 = ( a + b ) - 3ab ( a + b )
a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca
• (
a3 + b3 = ( a + b) a2 - ab + b2 ) then a = b= c

3 Ø If a, b and c are in A.P. then

• (a - b ) = a3 - b3 - 3ab ( a - b )
a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 9bd2 (d=common difference)
3
• a3 - b3 = ( a – b ) + 3ab ( a - b )
8. TYPE BASE QUESTIONS
•
3 3
(
a - b = ( a – b) a + ab + b 2 2
) • If x -
1
= a then x2 +
1
= a2 + 2
x 2
3. SPECIAL CASE 1 x

( )
2
• If a2 - ab + b2 = 0 then a3 + b3 = 0 and x4 +
1
= a2 + 2 -2
4
x
• If b = 1, then a2 - a + 1 = 0 , then a3 + 1 = 0 or a3 = - 1
1 1
• If x + = a then x3 + = a3 - 3a
4. SPECIAL CASE 2 x 3
x
• If a2 + a + 1 = 0 then a3 - 1 = 0 or a3 = 1 1 1
If x - = a then x3 - = a3 + 3a
x x3
 Algebra
1 Note:
• If x + = a
x 1 1
If xy = 1 then + =1
( )( )
1 1+ x 1+ y
Then x5 + = a2 - 2 a3 - 3a - a
x5 9. MISCELLANEOUS
æ 1ö • 1+ A + B + AB = (1+A) (1+B)
• If ç x - ÷ = a, then
è xø 1é 2 2 2ù
• a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = ê( a - b) + (b - c ) + (c - a) ú
x5 -
x5
1
( )(
= a2 + 2 a3 + 3a - a ) 2ë
If a, b, and c are in A.P. then,
û

( )
1 1 2 • a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca = 3d2 ( d = common difference )
• x+ = a, then x6 + = a3 - 3a -2
x 6
x 1 1 1
• If a+ =x, b+ =y, c+ =z , then
1 1 b c a
• If x + = 2 then x2 + = 0 or x 4 + 1 = 0 o x 4 = -1
x 2
x 1
abc+ =xyz- ( x+y+z )
1 1 abc
• If x + = 3 then x3 + = 0 or x6 = -1
x 3
x 10. COMPONEDO & DIVIDENDO
1 a x a+b x + y
• If x + = 2 then x = 1 If = then C & D Þ =
x b y a-b x - y
1
If x + = -2 then x = -1 11. SPECIAL CASE
x
2nab x + na x + nb
n 1 1 If x = then + =2
• If x + = a then xn - = ± a2 - 4 a+b x - na x - nb
n n
x x
12. QUADRATIC EQUATION
1 1
If xn - = b then xn + = ± b2 + 4 Quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0
n
x xn
b
1 • sum of roots = α + β = -
• When a + = 1, a
a
c
Or, • product of roots = αβ =
a
a2 - a + 1 = 0
• roots of equation are
Then a³ = -1
Or, -b + b2 - 4ac -b - b2 - 4ac
α= ,β
a³ + 1 = 0 2a 2a
1 • An equation whose roots are α and β is given by x² - (α
⇒When a + = -1 + β)x+ αβ = 0
a
• Discriminant (D) = b² - 4ac
Or,
a²+ a + 1 = 0
then,
a³ = 1
• Rationalizing factor of the surd x = a ± b and
1
= a b
x
 Simplification

Simplification
 Simplification

4a + 1 - 1
3. If y = a- a- a- a- a- ...¥ =
2
Therefor x – y = 1
1
1-
n
2. If z = a a a a a ...n times = a 2

3. If p = a a a a a ..¥ =a

4a - 3 + 1
4. If q = a + a - a + a - a + ...¥ =
2
4a - 3 - 1
5. If r= a - a + a - a + a - ...¥ =
2
4. SQUARE FORMULA
• (a + b)² = a² + b² + 2ab
14.2 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS • (a – b)² = a² + b² - 2ab
1. LAWS OF INDICES • (a + b)² = (a – b)² + 4ab
• (a - b)² = (a + b)² - 4ab
a. am ´ an = am+n • (a² - ab + b²) (a² + ab + b²) = a4 + a²b² + b²
am • (a + b)² – (a - b)² = 4ab
b. = am-n
an • a² - b² = (a + b) (a -b)
• (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc ca)
(a )
n
m
c. = amn 5. CUBE FORMULA
• (a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab (a + b)
n
am = am´mx…..n times ¹ amn • a³ + b³ = (a + b)³ -3ab (a + b)
n • a³ + b³ = (a + b) (a² - ab + b²)
æ aö an
d. ( ab)n = anbn , ç b ÷ ® • (a -b)³ = a³ - b³ - 3ab (a -b)
bn è ø • a³ - b³ = (a – b)³ + 3ab (a -b)
n ù • a³ - b³ = (a – b) (a² + ab + b²)
n a ® n = even
e. ( -a) = ú • a³ + b³+ c³ - 3abc=
-an ® n = oddúû
1 é 2 2 2ù
1 = ( a + b + c ) ê( a - b) + (b - c ) + (c - a) ú
f. = a-n 2 ë û

g. a
an
m n
= a , then m = n or a = b m m
then a = b
(
= ( a + b + c ) a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca )
é 2 ù
2. LAWS OF SURDS = ( a + b + c ) ê( a + b + c ) - 3 (ab + bc + ca)ú
ë û
n
n a a
• ab = n a. n b , n =
b nb
mn n
• a = mn a = m a
m
( a)
m
n
• = ( a) n

• a ´ b = ab
3. IMPORTANT RESULTS
4a + 1 + 1
2. If x = a+ a+ a+ a+ a+ ...¥ =
2
 Trigonometry

Trigonometry
 Trigonometry
Ø sin (360° - q ) = -sin q ; cos (180° - q ) = - cos q
Ø IMPORTANT TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Ø sin2θ + cos2θ = 1
sec2θ - tan2θ = 1
§ If (secθ + tanθ = k, then (secθ - tanθ) = 1/k
Ø cosec2θ - cot2θ = 1
1
§ If (cosec θ - cotθ)= p, then (cosec θ + cotθ)=
p
Ø sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
Ø sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B
Ø cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B
Ø cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
Ø tan (A + B) =
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS 1 - tan A tan B
Ø Trigonometry Table tan A - tan B
Ø tan (A - B) =
1+ tan A tan B
cot A cot B - 1
Ø cot (A + B) =
cotB + cotA
cot A cot B + 1
Ø cot (A - B) =
cotB - cotA
Ø sin 2A = 2sinA.cosA
æ 2tan A ö
§ sin 2A = ç ÷÷
ç
è 1+ tan2 A ø
Ø cos 2A = cos²A – sin²A = 2cos2A -1 = 1 – 2sin²A
æ 1- tan2 A ö
§ cos 2A = ç ÷
ç 1+ tan2 A ÷
è ø
æ 2tanA ö
Ø tan2A = ç ÷÷
ç
*ND ® Not defined è 1- tan2 A ø
Ø SIGNS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS IN æ cot2 A - 1ö
Ø cot 2A = ç ÷
DIFFERENT ç 2cot A ÷
è ø
Ø sin 3A = 3sinA - 4 sin3 A
Ø cos 3A = 4 cos3A – 3 cosA
æ 3 tan A - tan3 A ö
Ø tan 3A = ç ÷
ç 1- 3tan2 A ÷
è ø
æ cot3 A - 3cot A ö
Ø cot 3A = ç ÷
ç
è 3cot2 A - 1 ÷ø
Ø sin (A + B).sin (A - B) = sin2A - sin2 B = cos2 B - cos2A
Ø cos (A + B).cos (A - B) = cos2 A - sin2 B = cos2 B - sin2A
Ø tan (A+B+C)
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C
=
Ø Change of Functions in Different Quadrants: 1- ( tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A )
Ø sin (90° - q ) = cos q ; tan (90° + q ) = - cot q § If A+B+C = 180° = p ,
Ø sin (180° - q ) = sin q ; tan (180° + q ) = tan q tan A + tan B + tan C = tanA tanB tanC
Ø sin (180° + q ) = - sin q ; tan (360° - q ) = - tan q and cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A = 1
Ø sin (360° + q ) = sin q ; cosec (360° + q ) = cosec q
 Trigonometry
Ø 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A-B) Ø sin (x+ y + z) = sin x cos y cos z + cos x sin y cos z + cos x
Ø 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) - sin (A-B) cos y sin z - sin x sin y sin z
Ø 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A-B) sin (x + y + z) = cosx cosy cosz [tanx + tany + tanz – tanx
Ø 2sin A sin B = cos (A - B) - cos (A+B) tany tanz]
æ C +Dö æ C -D ö Ø cos (x + y + z) = cos x cos y cos z - sin x sin y cos z – sin x
Ø sin C + sin D = 2 sin ç ÷ cos ç ÷ cos y sin z - cos x sin y sin z
è 2 ø è 2 ø
cos (x + y + z) = cos x cos y cos z [1- tan x tan y - tan y tan
æ C +Dö æ C -D ö z – tanz tanx]
Ø sin C - sin D = 2 cos ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø Ø tan (x + y + z)
æ C +Dö æ C -D ö tan x + tan y + tan z – tan x tan y tan z
Ø cos C + cos D = 2 cos ç ÷ cos ç ÷ =
è 2 ø è 2 ø 1- tanx tan y - tan y tanz – tanz tanx
æ C +Dö æ D-Cö • RESULTS TO FIND CONSTANT VALUES
Ø cos C - cos D = 2 sin ç ÷ sin ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø Ø If a sin q + b cos q = m and a cos q - b sin q = n, then
1
Ø sin (60° – A) sin A sin (60° + A) = sin 3A a2 + b2 = m2 + n2
4
1
Ø If cosθ + sinθ = 2cos q , then
Ø cos (60° – A) cos A cos (60° + A) = cos 3A
4 Þ cosθ - sin q = ± 2 sinθ
Ø tan (60° – A) tan A tan (60° + A) = tan 3A {A ¹ 30°} Ø If a sec q + b tan q = c
Ø If A ¹ 0° , A ¹ 60°, then b sec q + a tan q = d, then
cosec A cosec (60° – A) cosec (60° + A) = 4 cosec3A a2 - b2 = c2 - d2
Ø If A ¹ 90° , A ¹ 30°, then Ø If a sec q - b tan q = c
sec A sec (60° – A) sec (60° + A) = 4 sec3A b sec q - a tan q = d
Ø If A ¹ 0° , A ¹ 60°, then or a tan q - b sec q = d, then
cot A cot (60° – A) cot (60° + A) = cot3A a2 - b2 = c2 - d2
Ø tan q + tan (60° + q ) + tan (120° + q ) = 3tan 3 q
Ø cot q + cot (60° + q ) - cot (60° - q ) = 3 cot 3 q • WHEN SUM OR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ANGLES
3 ARE GIVEN
Ø cos3 a + cos3 (120° + a ) + cos3 (240° + a )= cos 3 a Ø If A + B = 90°, then
4
tan A tan B = 1
-3
Ø sin3 q + sin 3 (120° + q ) + sin 3 (240° + q ) = sin 3 q sin A sec B = 1
4
cos A cosec B = 1
• ADVANCE IDENTITIES TO REMEMBER cot A cot B = 1
Ø sin4 q + cos4 q = 1 - 2sin2 q cos2 q sin2 A + sin2 B = 1
Ø sin6 q + cos6 q = 1 - 3sin2 q cos2 q cos2 A + cos2 B = 1
Ø cos6 q = 32 cos6 q - 48 cos4 q + 18 cos2 q – 1 Ø If A + B = 45°, then
Ø (1 + tan q + sec q ) (1 + cot q - cosec q ) = 2 (1 + tan A) (1 + tan B) = 2
Ø (1 + cot q + sec q ) (1 + tan q - cosec q ) = 2 (1 - cot A) (1 - cot B) = 2
Ø (sin q + cos q + 1) (sin q + cos q - 1) = 2sin q cos q Ø If A - B = 45°, then
secq + tanq - 1 1+ sin q cos q (1 + tan A) (1 - tan B) = 2
Ø = secq + tanq = = Ø If A + B = 135°, then
tanq - sec q + 1 cosq 1- sinq
Ø tan q (1 + sec 2 q ) (1 + sec 4 q ) (1 + sec 8 q ) = tan 8 q (1 - tan A) (1 - tan B) = 2
Ø sec4 q - tan4 q = sec2 q + tan2 q =1+2 tan2 q = 2 sec2 q - 1 (1 + cot A) (1 + cot B) = 2
Ø If A + B + C = 180°, then
Ø cosec4θ–cot4θ=cosec2θ+cot2 q =1+2cot2 q = 2cosec2 q – 1
tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
sinq - cosq + 1 1
Ø = = sec q + tan q cot A cot B + cot B cot C + cot C cot A =1
sinq + cos q - 1 secq - tan q Ø If A + B + C = 90°, then
Ø sin x = sin y Þ x = n p + (-1)n y ; n Î Z (integers/पूणाVक)
cot A + cot B + cot C = cot A cot B cot C
Ø cos x = cos y Þ x = 2n p ± y ; n Î Z tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A = 1
Ø tan x = tan y Þ x = np + y ; n Î Z Ø If A + B = 90°, then
tan A - tan B =2 tan(A-B)
 Trigonometry
• Important Figures for quick results
§ Maximum value = a2 + b2
§ Minimum value = - a2 + b2
n
Ø (
Type 2- sin q cos q )
n
§ Minimum value= æç 1 ö÷
è2ø
§ Maximum value can go up to infinity
Ø Type 3-
a cos2 q +b sec2 q , a sin2 q +b cosec2 q , a tan2 q +b cot2 q

§ Minimum value = 2 ab b £ a
Ø Type 4-
a sec2 q + b cosec2 q )

• Maximum and minimum values of trigonometric § Minimum value= ( a + b )2

identities
Ø Type 1-
a sinq ± b cosq , a sinq ± b sinq ,a cosq ± b cosq
 Height & Distance

Height & Distance

 Height & Distance

ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

3 -1
• tan 15° = = 2 - 3 = cot 75°
3 +1
17.2 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS • tan75° =
3 +1
= 2 + 3 = cot 15°
p 3 -1
• sin θ =
h
h
• cosec θ =
p
b
• cos θ =
h
h
• sec θ =
b
p 10 + 2 5
• tan θ = • cos 18° =
b 4
b 5 -1
• cot θ = • sin 18° =
p 4
1. DISTANCE RATIOS IN DIFFERENT ANGLES

5 +1 5 -1
cos 36° = , sin 18° =
4 4
2. Distance Ratio with Angle of Elevations from Two
different points
 Height & Distance

3. When the angles of elevation are complementary

angles
Height & Distance
 Geometry
Theory Sheet

GEOMETRY
Complete Theory
USEFUL for SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO
& MTS

INDEX
1 LINES & ANGLES: ......................................... 3
ANGLE .................................................... 3
TYPES OF ANGLES: ................................ 3
WHEN A TRANSVERSAL INTERSECTS TWO
PARALLEL LINES: ..................................................... 3
Geometry
Theory Sheet
REGULAR OCTAGON :- .............................. 19
5 CIRCLE :- ................................................... 20
SEGMENT OF A CIRCLE :- ............................ 20
ALTERNATE SEGMENT THEOREM :- .............. 21
TANGENTS FROM EXTERNAL POINTS :- .......... 22
DIRECT COMMON TANGENT :- .................... 22
TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT :- ............. 22
FOR EXTERNALLY TOUCHING CIRCLES :-......... 22

2 TRIANGLES : ................................................ 4
TYPES OF TRIANGLES: ................................. 4 Exam Oriented Points
ON THE BASIS OF SIDES – ......................................... 4
ON THE BASIS OF ANGLES: ........................................ 4 (Quick Revision)
CONDITION FOR FORMATION OF A TRIANGLE: - 5
PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE:- ....................... 5
CONGRUENT TRIANGLE:.............................. 5
SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS FOR CONGRUENCE OF ............. 6
TRIANGLES: ........................................................... 6
SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES: .......................... 6
MPT (MID-POINT THEOREM) : .................... 7
BPT (BASIC PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM) : ... 7
INEQUALITY RELATIONS IN A TRIANGLE: ......... 7
ANGLE BISECTOR THEOREM: ....................... 7
CENTROID: ............................................... 8
CIRCUMCENTER :-...................................... 9
INCENTER:- .............................................. 9
EX-CENTER :- .......................................... 10
ORTHOCENTER:- ..................................... 10
SINE RULE :- ........................................... 11
COSINE RULE :- ....................................... 11
EXPRESSION FOR AREA :- ........................... 11
HOW TO FIND LENGTH OF CEVIAN – STEWART’S
THEOREM ........................................................... 11
CEVA’S THEOREM :- ................................. 11
ROUTH THEOREM:................................... 12
STANDARD EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE :- .......... 12
RIGHT ANGLED TRIANGLE :- ....................... 12
MASS POINT GEOMETRY:- ........................ 13
3 QUADRILATERAL :- .................................... 14
RECTANGLE :- ......................................... 15
SQUARE :-.............................................. 15
PARALLELOGRAM :- ................................. 15
RHOMBUS :-........................................... 16
TRAPEZIUM :- ......................................... 17
KITE :- ................................................... 17
4 POLYGON :-............................................... 17
REGULAR POLYGON :- .............................. 18
REGULAR HEXAGON :- .............................. 18
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
1 LINES & ANGLES:
viii) Adjacent Angles:
Angle Two angles are called adjacent angles
Every angle has a measure. The unit of if they have:
angle measure is a standard angle § the same vertex,
called a "degree". § a common arm, and
1 degree = 1° = 60 minutes § Uncommon arms
i.e., 60' are on
1' = 60 seconds i.e., 60" either side of the
common arm.
e.g., ÐADB & ÐCDB are adjacent
TYPES OF ANGLES: angles.
i) An angle whose measure is 90° is
called a right angle. i.e., q = 90° ix) Linear pair of Angles:
ii) An angle whose measure is less than Two adjacent
90° is called an acute angle. angles are said to
form a linear pair of
i.e., 0° < q < 90°
angles, if their non-
iii) An angle whose measure is more than common arms are
90° but less than 180° is called an two opposite rays.
obtuse angle. i.e.,if ÐAOC + ÐBOC = 180°,
i.e., 90° < q < 180° then ÐAOC & ÐBOC form a linear
iv) An angle whose measure is 180° is pair.
called a straight angle.
x) Vertically Opposite Angles:
Two angles are called a pair
of vertically opposite
v) An angle whose measure is more than angles, if their arms form
180° is called a reflex angle. two pairs of opposite rays.
i.e., 180° < q < 360° i.e., ÐAOC & ÐDOB are
vertically opposite. Also,
vi) Complementary Angle: ÐAOD & ÐCOB are
Two angles, whose sum is 90°, are vertically opposite.
called complementary angles
If, Ðx + Ðy = 90° # If two lines intersect, then vertically
Ðx & Ðy are called complementary opposite angles are equal. Here, ÐAOC =
angles. ÐDOB & ÐAOD = ÐCOB
e.g., (40°, 50°), (45°, 45°), (35°, 55°), etc When a transversal intersects
two parallel lines:
vii) Supplementary Angles:
Two angles, whose sum measures
180°, are called the supplementary
angles.
If, Ðp + Ðq = 180°
Ðp & Ðq are called supplementary
angles.
e.g., (120°, 60°), (100° 80°), etc
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Here, iii) Equilateral Triangle:
L7 = L5 A triangle in which all
L6 = L8 vertically three sides are equal is
L1 = L3 opposite angles called an equilateral
L2 = L4 triangle.
i.e., DABC is equilateral,
L3 = L5 if a = b = c
L2 = L8 →Corresponding angles
L1 = L7 On the basis of angles:
L4 = L6
iv) Acute Triangle: -
A triangle with all three internal angles
L3 = L7
less than 90° i.e., all three internal
L2 = L6 → Alternate angles
L1 = L5 RaMo Mantra :-
L4 = L8 If a, b & c are the sides of a triangle,
such that c > b, c > a
L7 + L2 = 180° And, a2 + b2 > c2
L3 + L6 = 180° → Sum of consecutive => Triangle is an acute triangle
interior angles is 180°
angles are acute
2 TRIANGLES :
v) Right Triangle: -
Types of Triangles: A triangle with one angle that
On the basis of sides – measures 90° is called a right
triangle.
i) Scalene Triangle: -
DABC is right triangle, if ÐC = 90°
A triangle with
3 unequal
sides is called
a scalene RaMo Mantra :
triangle. If a, b & c are the sides of a triangle,
e.g.,In DABC, such that, c > a, c > b
for a ¹ b ¹ c, and 𝑎! + 𝑏! = 𝑐 !
DABC is scalene then, Triangle is called right angled
triangle.
ii) Isosceles Triangle: vi) Obtuse Triangle:
A triangle with (at least) two equal A triangle with one angle greater than
sides is 90° i.e., obtuse angle, is known as an
called an obtuse angled triangle.
isosceles
RaMo Mantra :
triangle.
If a, b and c are the sides of a triangle
e.g., If a, b &
such that c > a, c > b, and
c are the sides
and 𝑎! + 𝑏! < 𝑐 !
of DABC and a ¹ c = b, then
then, Triangle is called obtuse angled
DABC is isosceles triangle.
triangle.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Condition for formation of a iii) If the bisectors of
angles ÐABC and an
triangle: -
ÐACB of a triangle
The formation of a triangle is
ABC meet at a point
possible if the sum of the lengths of
O,
any two sides of a triangle is always
then,
greater than the length of third side. ÐA
OR ÐBOC = 90° + 2
The difference of the lengths of any
two side of a triangle is always
smaller than the length of the third iv) If sides AB and AC of
side. a DABC are produced
i.e., if DABC is a triangle with sides a, to P and Q
b and c, then respectively and if
a + b > c and |𝑎 − 𝑏| < 𝑐 the bisectors of ÐPBC
b+c>a |𝑏 − 𝑐| < 𝑎 and ÐQCB intersect
c+a>b |𝑐 − 𝑎| < 𝑏 at O, then:
ÐA
ÐBOC = 90° −
Generalisation: For a DABC with sides a, 2

b and c
(𝟏) |𝑏 − 𝑐| < 𝑎 < |𝑏 + 𝑐|
(𝟐) |𝑎 − 𝑐| < 𝑏 < |𝑎 + 𝑐| v) The angle between
(𝟑) |𝑏 − 𝑎| < 𝑐 < |𝑎 + 𝑏| internal bisector of
one base angle and
Properties of a triangle:- the external
i) Angle sum property: - bisector of the
The sum of the other base angle of
three internal a triangle is equal to one-half of the
angles of a vertical angle.
"
triangle is i.e., In adjacent fig., ÐBPC = !ÐBAC
always 180°.
i.e., In DABC, ÐA + ÐB + ÐC = 180°
vi) In D PQR,
PS is the bisector
ii) Exterior angle property: - of ÐQPR, & PT ^
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal QR.
to the sum of the opposite interior Then
angles. |Ð/0Ð1|
i.e., In DABC, ÐTPS =
2
ÐACD =ÐCAB + ÐCBA
Ð1 = Ð2 + Ð3 Congruent Triangle:
OR Two triangles are congruent if and only
Ext. ÐC = ÐA + ÐB if one of them can be made to
superimpose on the other so as to
cover it exactly. Corresponding
elements of congruent triangles are
equal.
If DABC @ D DEF, then

=> AB = DE; BC = EF; AC = DF

 Geometry
Theory Sheet
=> ÐA = ÐD; ÐB = ÐE; ÐC = ÐF

Sufficient conditions for

congruence of triangles:
§ SAS (Side-Angle-Side):
§ (RHS) Right angle – Hypotenuse –
Two triangles are congruent if two sides
Side:
and the included angle of one triangle
Two right triangles are congruent if
are equal to the corresponding sides
the hypotenuse and one side of one
and the included angle of the other
triangle are respectively equal to the
triangle.
hypotenuse and one side of the other
triangle.

§ ASA (Angle-Side-Angle):
Two triangles are congruent if two
angles and the included side of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding Similarity of Triangles:
two angles and the included side of Two triangles, DABC and D PQR, are
other triangle. similar if and only if corresponding
angles have the same measures.
OR
If and only if the lengths of
corresponding sides are
proportional.

§ AAS (Angle-Angle-Side):
RaMo Mantra :
If any two angles and non-included
If D ABC ~ D PQR, then
side of one triangle are equal to the !" !% "%
corresponding angles and side of → #$ = #& = $&
another triangle, the two triangles are This is equivalent to saying that one
congruent. triangle is an enlargement or
diminution of the other.

So, if D ABC ~ D PQR, then

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 ℎ 𝑀 𝑅 𝑟 𝑃 D
= 𝑃𝑄 = 𝑄𝑅 = 𝑃𝑅 = ℎ1 = 𝑀1 = 𝑅1 = 𝑟1 = 𝑃1 = 3D1
2 2 2 2 2 2

§ SSS (Side-Side-Side): where h1 is height, R1 is circumradius,

Two triangles are congruent if the
three sides of one triangle are equal
to the corresponding three sides of
the other triangle.
M1 is median, r1 is inradius, P1 is
perimeter and D, is area of DABC.
and h2 is height, R2 is circumradius, M2
is median, P2 is perimeter, r2 is
inradius and D2 is area of DPQR.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
OR
→ Simply, every corresponding ratio !3 !4
=
will be equal. 3" 4%

→ Criteria for similarity of triangles, Inequality Relations in a

i) AAA OR AA ii) SSS
iii) SAS Triangle:

→ Every congruent triangles are In DABC,

similar triangles. If ÐB = ÐC, then b = c
But converse is not always true. If ÐB > ÐC, then b > c
If ÐB < ÐC, then b < c
MPT (Mid-point theorem) :
The line segment joining the mid-
points of any two sides of a triangle Angle Bisector Theorem:
is parallel to the third side and equal i) In D ABC,
to half of it. AD is the
angle
If PQ || BC & P bisector of
is the ÐBAC, then
midpoint of #$ #&
= %&
AB and Q is $%

the midpoint
of AC.
ii) In D ABC, if AD is an angle bisector of
Then, 𝑃𝑄 = 𝐵𝐶
" ext.ÐA, then
! !" !%
"3
= 3%
Converse is also true:

→ The line drawn through the mid-

point of one side of a triangle,
parallel to another side, intersects,
the third side at its mid-point.

'()'(D+,-) 1
ð '()'(D/0-)
=2

BPT (Basic Proportionality

Theorem) :
If DE || BC, then

D ABC ~ D ADE,

!3 !4 34
= !% = "%
!"

Also,

Centroid:
i) The point in which the three medians
of the triangle intersect is known as
the centroid of a triangle.
ii) The median is a line that joins the
midpoint of a side and the opposite
vertex of the triangle.
iii) The centroid of the triangle divides the
median in the ratio of 2 : 1.
Centroid always lies inside
triangle
In DABC, if G is the
centroid of triangle,
then
AG : GD = 2 : 1
BG : GE = 2 : 1
CG : FG = 2 : 1
iv) Median divides the triangle into two
parts of equal area. Here,
area(DABD) = area(DADC)
area(DBCF) = area(DACF)
area(DABE) = area(DCBE)
Geometry
Theory Sheet
• 4{AD+BE+CF} > 3{AB + BC + CA}
• 4{AD2 + BE2 + CF2} = 3{AB2 + BC2 +
CA2}
• 4{Area of triangle formed by
medians (as sides)} = 3{area of
DABC}
i.e. 4{area of triangle with sides CF,
BE & AD}
= 3{area of DABC}
the
In Simple terms:
• 4 [ åmedians] > 3 [ å sides]
• 4[ å(medians)2] = 3 [ å (sides)2]
• 4 {Area of triangle formed by
medians} = 3 {Area of DABC}
v) Formula for length of Medians :-
!
89:;<= >?@ A2(B" CD " )0<"
"
!
>?@"A2(>E" C>F " )0EF "

RaMo Mantra :
With respect to
centroid,
triangle is vi) If medians intersect at 90° :-
divided into
three parts of → 5BC2 = AB2 + AC2
equal area i.e.,
the centroid → 5a2 = b2 + c2
divides the triangle in three equal
parts
i.e. Area (AGB) = Area (AGC) = Area
(BGC)

All three
medians vii) Relation of Medians in
divide the a right triangle:
triangle
4(AL² + BM²) = 5AB²
into 6
equal
parts.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Circumcenter :- Incenter:-
i) Intersection point of
all the angle bisectors
of a triangle is known
as incenter.
It is equidistant from
all the sides of the
triangle.

ii) Radius of incircle is known as inradius

"r".
∆
𝑟 = . , where D is the area of the
i) The circumcenter of a triangle is triangle & “s” is semi perimeter.
defined as the point where the
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of ∠#
iii) ∠𝐵𝐼𝐶 = 90° +
that particular triangle intersects. !

PC=QC= RC = circumradius (R) iv) Incenter always lies inside the triangle.

ii) Here, ÐQCR = 2(ÐQPR) v) In right angle D,

QCB0R
!"#
𝑟= 2
iii) Circumradius(R) =
$D
where a, b and c are the sides of a 𝑝 − 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
triangle and 'D' is the area of triangle. 𝑏 − 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
ℎ − ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑠
!
iv) R =
" $%&'
! + -
v)
()* '
= ()* , = ()* . = 2R

vi) Location of circumcenter: -

• The circumcenter of an acute
triangle is inside the triangle.

• The circumcenter of an obtuse

triangle is outside the triangle.
'1 +3- ,2 ',
• The circumcenter of a right-angled vi)
12
= !
; 2. = '.
triangle is on the hypotenuse.
vii) Distance between circumcenter(R) &
It is the midpoint of hypotenuse. incenter(r).
'()*+,-./, 1,-2+'
So, R = !
in right 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √𝑅/ − 2𝑟𝑅
triangle
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Ex-center :- Orthocenter:-
The intersection point of internal angle The point where the three altitudes of
bisector of one angle and bisectors of a triangle intersect is Orthocenter.
other two opposite exterior angles. The orthocenter is not always inside
the triangle. If the triangle is obtuse,
it will be outside.

Here, "H" is
orthocenter.

i) ÐBHC = 180° - ÐA
ÐAHC = 180° - ÐB
ÐAHB = 180° - ÐC

ii) D BFH ~ D CEH

BH ´ HE = CH ´ HF
Also,

BH ´ HE = CH ´ HF = AH ´ HD

iii) FH = FF1; HE = EE1; HD = DD1

Ð!
i) ÐBEC= 90° -
"
iv) BD ´ DC = AD ´ DH
ii) ex-radii : BE ´ EH = CE ´ EA
D D D
ra = ; rb = ; rc = CF ´ FH = AF ´ FB
#$% #$& #$'
() #()$&)()$') v) (AB + BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BC)
iii) ra = )$% = ! #$% å sides > å Altitudes
%,&,'
where, s = vi) Location of orthocenter:
"
• Inside in acute triangle
• Outside if it is an obtuse triangle
iv) D (area) = "𝑟 𝑟% 𝑟& 𝑟'
• At right vertex if it is a right triangle

RaMo Mantra :
v) 𝑟% + 𝑟& + 𝑟' = 4R + r
→BD2 = CD ´ AD
>E ´ ST
vi) 𝑟% 𝑟& + 𝑟& 𝑟' + 𝑟' 𝑟% = s2 →BD =
>F
!"0
→AD = ;
!%
vii) 𝑟% + 𝑟& + 𝑟' = (4R + r) –
" " " 2
"% 0
2s 2 CD =
!%

→AD : CD = AB2 : BC2

 Geometry
Theory Sheet
U U U "
Area of triangle = ! ac sin B
→ " = <" + B"
Q "
Area of triangle = ! ab sin C
"
Relation between Orthocenter, Area of triangle = ! bc sin A
centroid and circumcenter: "
∴ Area of triangle = ! ´ xy sin q
In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and
circumcenter are co-linear and centroid
By heron’s formula,
divides the line in 2:1 as in figure.
Area of triangle = A𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)

How to find length of cevian –

Stewart’s Theorem
i) Stewart's theorem :-
Sine Rule :-
Here, AD = d
' 8 9
= 567 " = 567 % = 2R (known as
567 !
cevian)
Cosine Rule :- Cevian is any
line from the
vertex to the
base opposite
to it.

b²m + c²n = a(d² + mn)

If cevian is median :-
-
So, d = "2(𝑏 " + 𝑐 " ) − 𝑎"
!: "# : $%: "
cos A =
&!# if cevian is angle bisector :-
%: "# : $!:
cos B = &'
d = 2!&,' 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)
&%#
!: " %: $# : %,&,'
cos C = where s =
"
&%! and side of length a is divided in the
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA proportion b : c
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cosB Ceva’s Theorem :-
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC

Expression for area :-

Perimeter = a+b+c
Semi perimeter
45657
(s) = !

"
Area (D) = !
´
height ´ base
Generally,
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
In ∆ABC, let AD, BE and CF are the cevians RaMo Mantra :
(i.e., any line from vertex to opposite If side = 2
base), then Perimeter = 6
Height = √3
𝐴𝐹 𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 # &
× × =1 R= ,r=
√% √%
𝐹𝐵 𝐷𝐶 𝐸𝐴
Area = √3 sq.
Routh Theorem: unit.

• All angle bisectors, all medians,

all ^ bisectors & all altitudes are
same.

• All 4 types of center are on same

point.

• If length of perpendiculars on
sides from any point inside the
equilateral are P1, P2 and P3.
If in ∆ABC, points D, E and F lie on
Then, side is given by :-
segments BC, CA and AB, then writing –

𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐹
= 𝑥 ; = 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =𝑧
𝐵𝐷 𝐶𝐸 𝐴𝐹
The area of the triangle formed by the
cevians AD, BE and CF is:

= area of ∆ABC ×
(./0$-)0 2
6(./,/,-)(/0,0,-)(0.,.,-)7 𝑎= (𝑃! + 𝑃" + 𝑃# )
√3
Standard Equilateral Triangle => P1+ P2+ P3 = h
:- Right angled Triangle :-
"
Perimeter = 3a • Area = ´ p ´ b
!
)568'
√2 " • r=
Area = 𝑎 '
!
3 • R=
!
√2
height = " a • 2(r + R) = p +b
%
R= , • Area of triangle =
√2
% s(s – hypotenuse)
r =" 2
√ Area of triangle = s(s - 2R) or
Area of triangle = s(s - 2m) {m is the
area(circumcircle) : area(incircle) shortest median}
=4:1
• If, Area = 6 sq. unit
and Perimeter = 12
units, then
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
r = 1 unit, R = 2.5 unit
• For isosceles triangle :-
R:r=5:2
4²
• Special right angled triangle: - height; h = !@
circumradius;
4!
R=
√<4! 86 !
b =

4
@ A(2𝑅 + 𝑎)(2𝑅 − 𝑎)

Mass Point Geometry:-

m₁x = m₂y
𝑚! 𝑥
=
𝑚" 𝑦
Let’s take an example to understand -

Q. In a ∆ABC, side BC is divided by D in

the ratio of 5:2 and BA is divided by E in
• Pythagoras triplets for right angled a ratio 3:4 as shown in the figure. Find
triangle :- the ratios in which F divides the cevians
We can generate by using these AD & CE i.e.,EF:FC = ?,DF:FA = ?
2m, m2 + 1, m2 – 1
2xy, x2 + y2, x2 – y2
(3, 4, 5)
(6, 8, 10)
(5, 12, 13)
(7, 24, 25)
(8, 15, 17) Sol.

(9, 40, 41) Step-1: In order to

(11, 60, 61) have D as the
(12, 35, 37) balancing point of
(13, 84, 85) BC.
(16, 63, 65)
(20, 21, 29) We assign a mass
of 2 kg to B and 5
• Isosceles-right triangle :- kg to C.
P = perimeter = a(2+√2)
"
area = ! a2
9!
= !(;5<√!) Step-2: Now mass at D-
)!
= <
(3 − 2√2)
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
2kg +5kg=7kg, i.e.,7kg at D. • If d1,d2 are the
diagonals :
"
area = ! d1 d2 sinq
where q is the angle at
which diagonals
intersect.
• If diagonals intersect at 90°.
𝐴𝐵! + 𝐶𝐷! = 𝐵𝐶 ! + 𝐴𝐷²

Step-3: Now on side AB, to have E as a • If a circle touches all

balancing point, we assign weight on A the sides of quad.
A
ABCD, then
= 2 × < 𝑘𝑔 Sum of opposite
A sides is equal.
= 𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝐴
! => AB+CD = BC + AD

• O is the center of the

circle,
(Not the intersection point of
diagonals),then
=>ÐAOB + ÐCOD = ÐDOA + ÐBOC

• Cyclic quadrilateral :-
Step-4: Now mass at E. If all the vertex of quadrilateral are
A on the circle,
= a2 + !b 𝑘𝑔
Quadrilateral is
B called cyclic
= 𝑘𝑔
! Here, ÐA + ÐC = 180°
Step-5: Now the ratio of DF:FA to have F ÐB + ÐD = 180°
AC ´ BD = AB ´ CD +
as balancing point
BC ´ AD
A
DF : FA = : 7 = 3:14
!
• If one diagonal
B
And, EF : FC = 5: ! = 10:7 bisects other:
D DPC ~ D APB
3 Quadrilateral :- D DPA ~ D CPB

• ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360° AB ´ AD = BC ´ CD
• Area(ABCD) =
"
AC(h1 + h2) • Quadrilateral
!
• If four sides formed by joining
a, b, c and d the mid-points of
are given, the pairs of
then consecutive sides of
area(ABCD) = a quadrilateral is a
A(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) parallelogram.
where, s =
456575C PQRS is a || gm.
!
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Rectangle :- • area(AOB) = area(BOC) =
"
AB = DC;AD = BC; AC = BD area(COD) = area(DOA) = < a2
ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90° • R = OA = OC &
OM = r
4√! 4
=> R : r = :!
!
= √2 : 1

• Diagonals AC & BD bisect each

other.
Parallelogram :-
• Diagonals divide rectangle into • AB || CD; AB = CD
four equal parts. • BC || AD; AD = BC
• area(DABC) = area(D BCD) = • ÐA = ÐC; ÐB = ÐD
"
area(D ABD) = area(D ACD) = (D • ÐA + ÐB = ÐC + ÐD
!
= ÐC + ÐB = ÐA +
ABCD)
ÐD = 180°
• area(D OAB) = area(D OBC) =
• AC ¹ BD, but bisect each other.
area(D OCD) = area(DOAD) =
" • area of D ABC = D BCD = D ABD =
(ABCD) "
< D ACD = (ABCD)
If P is any !
• area(D AOB) = area(D BOC) =
point inside "
area(DCOD) = area(D DOA) =
the <

rectangle. area(ABCD)
AP2 + CP2 = BP2 + PD2 • area(ABCD) = height ´ base
• Quadrilateral formed by joining • area( ||gm ABCD) = AD ´ AB sin
the mid- ÐDAB
points of In a ||gm, the bisectors
the of any two consecutive
consecutive angles intersect at right
sides of a angle.
rectangle is a rhombus. ÐAPB = 90°

Square :- ii) The angle bisectors of

a parallelogram form
• AB = BC= CD = DA = a
a rectangle.
PQRS is a rectangle.

iii) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its

opposite sides are equal.

iv) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its

• ÐA = ÐB = ÐC = ÐD = 90° opposite angles are equal.
• AC = BD = a√2
v) If diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
• area = a2
each other, then the quadrilateral is a ||
• Diagonals bisect each other at 90°
gm.
• O is mid point of diagonals.
• Square has all the properties of
rectangle.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
vi) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram, if its xii) If A, B, C and D are the midpoints of PS,
one pair of opposite sides are equal PQ, QR & RS respectively, then
"
and parallel. Area ( || gm ABCD) = < area
(PQRS)
vii) If the diagonals of a || gm are equal and "
(ABCD) Perimeter = !(PQRS)
intersect at 90°, the || gm is a square.

viii) area of || gm = (s – a) (s – b), where s is

semiperimeter.

ix) If P is any point inside || gm, then

xiii) AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = 2(AB2 + BC2)
= 2[2(BO2 + CO2)]
= (2B0)2 + (2CO)2
= AC2 + BD2
So,å (diagonals)2 =
å(sides)2
Area(D APD) + area(D BPC)
= area(D APB) + area(D PDC)
"
= area( || gm) Rhombus :-
!

• AB = BC = CD
x) If ABCD is a || gm, then
" = DA,
Area of shaded region = ( || gm area)
!

• AC is not
equal to DB,
{but bisect
each other at
90°}

• Diagonals bisect the vertex angle.

"
xi) Area of shaded region = (area of || "
!
• Area = height ´ base = ! ´ d1 ´ d2
gm)
• 4a2 = d12 + d22
"
a = ! 3𝑑" ! + 𝑑! !

• A ||gm is a rhombus if adjacent

sides are equal.

• Diagonal divides the rhombus into

4 congruent right triangles.

• Quadrilateral formed by
mid points of sides of a
rhombus is a rectangle.
Here ABCD is a rhombus.
and PQRS is a rectangle.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
vi) Isosceles trapezium :-
Trapezium :- • ÐA + ÐD = ÐB + ÐC = 180°

i) AB | | CD, ÐA + ÐD = ÐB + ÐC = 180° • ÐA + ÐC =
"
Area = ! h (AB + CD) ÐB + ÐD =

180°

• Isosceles trapezium is a cyclic

quadrilateral

• AC = BD
area
ii) • ÐA = ÐB; ÐC = ÐD
area area
area • AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD

iii) 𝐴𝐶 ! = 𝐴𝐷! + 𝐴𝐵. 𝐶𝐷

• Only isosceles trapezium can be

inscribed in a circle.
Kite :-
• Two pair of adjacent
sides will be equal.
• Larger diagonal
• D AOB ~ D COD perpendicularly bisect
the shorter diagonal.
"
• AO ´ DO = CO ´ BO • Area =! d1 ´ d2
• d1, d2 are the diagonals.
• AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD • Larger diagonal divides kite in 2
congruent Ds.
• If E & F are the mid points of • A convex kite always inscribes a
diagonals circle.
"
𝐸𝐹 = ! [𝐴𝐵 − 𝐶𝐷]
4 Polygon :-
iv) P is the mid point of AD. • A region bounded by many lines.
Q is the mid point of BC. • Sum of internal angles =
(n – 2) ´ 180°,where n is
the number of sides.
• Sum of external angles of
polygon = 360°
-(-8A)
"
𝑃𝑄 = ! [𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐷] • Number of diagonals =
!
A;E°
• Each internal angle = a180° − b
-
A;E°
D
v) PQ=D5-´longer side(AB) • Each external angle =
-
-
+ D5-´shorter side (DC) ;7<.>7?@A (CDE)
• =
AB<.>7?@A E
Note: m towards
shorter side
(Here, it is CD)
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Regular Polygon :- Regular Hexagon :-
No. Number of sides = 6
Each Int.
of Each å interior angles =
åInt. åExt. ext. :
sides int. 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
720°;
( ) ext. each interior angle =
(n) 𝒏
120°
3 180° 60° 360° 120° 1:2 Each exterior angle
= 60°
4 360° 90° 360° 90° 1:1

5 540° 108° 360° 72° 3:2 • area = 6 ´ area of eq. D

√A A √A
• area = 6 a < 𝑎! b = 𝑎!
!
6 720° 120° 360° 60° 2:1
• Circumradius = a
√A
360° 360° • In-radius = a
7 900° 900°/7 5:2 !
/7 • d1 = AC = EC = AE = FB = BD = DF =
8 1080° 135° 360° 45° 3:1 a√3 {smaller diagonals}

9 1260° 140° 360° 40° 7:2 • d2 = AD = BE = CF = 2a {larger

diagonals}
10 1440° 144° 360° 36° 4:1
• d1 : d2 = √3 : 2
• For standard value, with side = 2,
v General formula for a regular Area 6√3 sq. unit
polygon :- [n-sided] Perimeter = 12
$J p • Area of hexagon, when (d1;smaller
• Area = n % cot "&# diagonal is given)
At n = 3, A=
√A 2
d1
√A !
Area of Equilateral triangle = <
a2 • Area of hexagon when (d2 ;larger
At n = 4, diagonal is given)
Square area = a2 A=
A√A
d22
L
At n = 6,
A √A 2
v Divisions in equal area :-
Area of regular hexagon = !
a
• 3 equal area division :
v Circum radius :-
4 p
Rn = ! cosec aKb

v Inradius :-
4 p
rn = ! cot aKb
• 6 equal area division :
v Side :-
p
a= 2r tan aKb
"LE°
a = 2R sin -

v Area :-
p
= nr2 tan aKb
!p
= nR2 sina b
K

• 6 equal area division :

 Geometry
Theory Sheet
=> Circumcircle : area of hexagon :
Incircle
A√ A 2 A4!
= pa2 : a : p
! <
= 4p : 6√2 : 3p

v Regular Hexagon from equilateral

• 2 equal area division :
D :-
= Area of hexagon :
area of equilateral D
ABC
=6 : 9
=2 : 3
• 12 equal area division :

Regular Octagon :-

• 4 equal area division :

• 24 equal area division :

Octagon area = 1 square + 4
rectangles + 4 triangles
"
= 2 ´ 2 + 4 ´ 2 ´ √2 + 4 ´ ! √2 ´ √2
= 4 + 8√2 + 4
Area = 8(1+√2)
= 2 ´ 22(1+√2)

Area = 2a2(1+√2)

• Side of square ABCD

Special Case- x = a(1+√2)
• Inradius(r) : Circumradius(R) = √3 : 2
• Side of octagon
=> Incircle : a = x (√2-1)
Circumcircle = 3 : 4
' ()*+(-./+0 (2.$0+) !4√"
= ()*+()&&+0 (2.$0+) =
$ !
M!
= 3 + 2√2
4!
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
4! Major arc :-
= 3 - 2√2
M!
A major arc of a circle is the
• Number of collection of points of the circle that
diagonals = lie on or outside a central angle.
20 DC in major arc.

• a (side of
Segment of a circle :-
octagon)
d1 = HF =
Chord PQ
aA2 + √2
divides the
d2 = HE = a(1+√2)
circle into two
d3 = HD = a√2(A2 + √2 ) parts, each
"
d1 : d2 = 2# : A1 + √2 part is called a
segment of
" " $
d1:d2:d3 = 2# : (1 + √2)! : 2# circle.

• Segment containing minor arc is

called minor segment
5 Circle :-
• Segment containing major arc is
"A circle is
called major segment
the locus of
a point
• The major and minor segments of a
which
circle are called the alternate
moves in a
segments of each other.
plane in
such a way
• The perpendicular
that its
from the centre of a
distance from a given fixed point in
circle to a chord
the plane is always constant"
bisects the chord.
Ø OB = OA = radius
Ø AB is diameter.
Ø Diameter = 2 ´ radius • There is one and only
Ø CD is chord. one circle passing through 3 non-
Ø CR is secant line. collinear points.
Ø AB is the largest chord.
ARC : A continuous piece of a circle • Equal chords of a
is called an arc of the circle. CD is circle are
an arc. equidistant from
centre.
Minor arc :-
A minor arc of a circle in the
collection of those points of the
circle that lie on or inside a central
angle. • Equal chords of a circle subtend
CD is minor arc. equal angles at centre.
DC is major arc.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
• 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷

• If a chord
subtends 2q at • 𝑃𝑇 ! = 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵
centre of a
circle, it will
subtend q at
circumference.

• Any chord
subtends equal
• Tangent
angle at
point
circumference
in the same
segment.

• Angle in
semicircle is 90°

"
• ∠𝐴𝑃𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝑃𝐷 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)
!

Alternate segment Theorem :-

The angle between a chord and a
tangent through one of the end
points of
the chord is
equal to the
angle in the
alternate
segment.

"
• ÐAPC =! |𝑦 − 𝑥|
• 𝑃𝐴 × 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐶 × 𝑃𝐷
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Tangents from external points
:- For Externally touching circles
PA = PB :-
Here, D OPA @ D OPB PQ = 2√𝑟" 𝑟! ,
PM = MQ = MR = √𝑟" 𝑟!

Direct common tangent :-

Here, length of uuuuuu
𝐶" 𝐶! = d
DCT = A𝑑! − (𝑟" − 𝑟! )!
• PAC1 ~ D PBC2 ~ D PCC3
&√)F ): (1 ,(0
=
&*): )G (0 ,(2
r22 = r1r3
𝑟! = A𝑟" 𝑟A

• r1, r2, r3, r4… are in GP.

r2 = A𝑟" 𝑟A

Transverse common tangent :-

TCT = A𝑑! − (𝑟" + 𝑟! )!
Here, d > (𝑟" + 𝑟! )

• When two circles are away,

Maximum number of tangents = 4
Minimum number of tangents = 0

• When two circles touch externally,

Maximum number of tangents = 3
Minimum number of tangents = 1

• When two circles cut each other :-

Maximum number of tangents = 2
Minimum number of tangents = 0
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
PQ + QM = PR + RM
• When two circles touch internally,
Maximum number of tangents = 1
Minimum number of tangents = 1

• PA = PB, AQ = QB, PQ ^ AB
4 ´ N
D PAQ @ D PBQ such that PA = 6
D PAO @ D PBO
ÐAOP = ÐBOP
• Perimeter of D PQR = PA + PB

• in fig., if l || m, then Ð DOE = 90°

• ∠𝑃𝐴𝑄 + ∠𝑃𝐵𝑄 = 180°

• Perimeter of
DABC = 2(x + y
+ z)
• AB + CD = AC +
BD
• AF + BD + CE
= AE + CD + BF
"
= !(Perimeter
of DABC)
2 2 2
• PQ = XY - AB

" " "

• = + ,where a,b,c are radii
√7 √4 √6

• PA = PB,QA = QM & RM = RB
So, PQ + QA = PR + RB
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
• Radius of the
smaller circle
4
:- • r = ";
!
a=a − 1b 𝑟
√A
• Radius of
larger circle
(outer circle)
!
b=a + 1b 𝑟 • r=;
4
√A

• 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 2𝑟

• a = √2 − 1)𝑟 • r=
A4

{smaller L

circle}
b = (√2+1)r
{outer circle}
• If two chords of a circle of lengths 2a
and 2b are mutually perpendicular
and the distance of the point at
which the chords intersect from the
centre of the circle is c.

then radius of circle ‘r’ is given by,

• r = (√2 – 1)R 6$J 47J 48²
r=
"

• r = (√2 − 1)! a
r = (3 − 2√2)a

4
• r = (√2 − 1)! !
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
Exam Oriented Points Ø ∆=
1
2
´ ac × sin B =
1
2
ab sin C =
2
1
bc sin A

(Quick Revision) Ø If coordinate of three vertices are given

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1. WHEN A TRANSVERSAL LINE INTERSECTS
TWO PARALLEL LINES

L7 = L5
L2 = L4
L6 = L8 vertically = 21 x1 ( y2 - y3 ) + x2 ( y3 - y1) + x3 ( y1 - y2 )
L1 = L3 opposite angles 3. PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES
• Exterior angle
L3 = L5
Ð D = exterior angle = Ð A + Ð B
L2 = L8 Corresponding angles
L1 = L7
L4 = L6

L3 = L7
L2 = L6 Alternate angles
L1 = L5 • The angle between internal bisector of a base
L4 = L8 angle and external bisector of the other base
angle is half of the remaining vertex angle. i.e
L7 + L2 = 180° 2Ð BEC = Ð BAC .
L3 + L6 = 180°

2. TRIANGLE

• In ABC, AE ^ BD and AD
is angle bisector of Ð A , then
1
Ð EAD = Ð B – Ð C
2
• ()
Perimeter of triangle p = a + b + c
• Sine Rule
Ø Semi-perimeter of triangle (s)
p a+ b+ c a b c
= = = = = 2R
2 2 sinA sinB sinC
• Area of triangle ∆
• Cosine Rule
Ø Heron’s formula, ∆ = s ( s - a)( s –b)(s – c )
b2 + c2 - a2
cos A =
2bc
a2 + c2 - b2
cos B =
2ac

1
Ø ∆= ´ base ´ height
2
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
b2 + a2 - c2 • Area of any triangle is product of inradius and
cos C = semi perimeter
2ab
• Stewart’s Theorem: A = r.s
6. EX-CIRCLE
A
b²m + c²n = a ( d² +mn ) • ÐBEC= 90° - 2

• Ex-radii :
4. CENTERS OF TRIANGLE
• Circumcenter: ra =
 ; rb =
 ;
s-a s -b
Ø The length from all 3 vertices to
the circumcenter is equal and rc =

s-c
is called circumradius.
Ø Ð QCR = 2Ð QPR ,.. 7. RELATION BETWEEN R(IN-RADIUS), R
Ø Circumradius of a triangle (CIRCUM-RADIUS) AND ANGLES OF
where PQ, QR and PR are sides TRIANGLE
c, a, and b respectively.
abc
R=
4 ( area of )
Ø Location of circumcenter
§ The circumcenter of an acute triangle is
inside the triangle.
§ The circumcenter of an obtuse triangle is
outside the triangle. • The distance (d) between the circumcenter (
§ The circumcenter of a right-angled triangle is rc ) and incentre ( ri ) of a triangle is
on the hypotenuse.
§ It is the midpoint of hypotenuse. d = rc2 - 2rcri
hypotenuse length A B C
So, R = in right triangle • r = 4R(sin sin sin )
2 2 2 2
A B C
• Area of triangle = r2 ( cot + cot + cot )
2 2 2

5. INCENTER
ÐA ÐB 8. ORTHOCENTER
• ∠BIC = 90 + , Ð AIC = 90° + , • ∠BOC = 180° - ∠A, ∠AOC
2 2
= 180° - ∠B, ∠AOB = 180° - ∠C
ÐC
Ð BIA = 90° + 1 1 1
2 • h1 : h2 : h3 = : :
a b c
• AI : ID = b + c : a ; BI : IE = a + c : b ;
CI : IF = a + b : c
• AO ´ OD = BO ´ OE = CO ´ OF
• Sum of sides > Sum of altitudes
AB+BC+CA>AD+BE+CF
AB BD
=
• AC DC 9. CENTROID
• Median divides the area of triangle
into two equal area of triangles
Area of
• Inradius of a right angle ∆ABC ABD = Area ofACD
AB + BC - AC
r=
2
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
• Area of six smaller
triangles formed by 3
medians
and 3 sides are equal
and is equal to
1
6

×Area ABC .
AB² + AC² = 2 ( AD² + BD²)
• Centroid G divides each
10. TYPES OF TRIANGLES
median in the ratio 2 : 1.
• Equilateral Triangle:
AG : GD = BG : GE = CG : GF = 2 : 1
All sides and angles are equal.
• Lengths of medians
§ AB = BC = CA = a
§ ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
1
AD = 2b2 + 2c2 – a2 3
2 Ø Altitude, AD, h = a
2
• In a triangle three times of
Ø All centers (orthocenter,
sum of square of sides circumcenter, incentre &
equal to four times of centroid) lie on same point.
sum of square of Ø All medians = All altitudes = All perpendicular
medians i.e 3
Bisector = All angle bisector = a
2
4
AB² + BC² + AC² =
3
( AD² + BE² + CF² ) a a
Ø Circumradius, R = ;Inradius, r = ;
• Area of triangle formed by joining mid-points 3 2 3
1 th R 2
of two sides and centroid is of area of =
12 r 1
triangle. πR2 area of circumcircle 4
Ø = =
2 area of incircle 1
πr
 
Ø Ar OFE = Ar OFD = Ar  OED =
1
12
Ar ABC area of = 3 2 æ 1
 ö
a ç\ = a ´ a ´ sin60° ÷
Ø 4 è 2 ø
Ø O is also centroid of ∆DEF

• Let m₁, m₂ & m₃ are three medians, then by

Heron’s formula.
Area of = 
4
S ( S – m1)( Sm – m2 )( Sm – m3 )
3 m m
m + m2 + m3
Where, Sm = semi median = 1
2
• If the medians intersect at 900, then
2
5BC²=AB²+AC² a= éëp1 + p2 + p3 ùû
3

• Right Angled Triangle

• Relations of medians in right angled triangle,

vii) 4 ( AL² + BM²) = 5AB²

• Apollonius theorem 1
Ø Area = pb
2
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
h • ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360 
Ø R=
2 1
p +b -h • Area(ABCD) = AC (h1 + h2 )
Ø r= 2
2
Ø = s(s - 2R)= r2 + 2R.r • Area = (s - a)(s - b)(s - c)(s - d)
a+b+c +d
Where s =
2
1
• Area = ´ AC ´ BD ´ sinθ
2

AB.BC
BD =
AC
Ø Important Results:
• If diagonals intersect at 900, then
Ø AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + AD²

Ø AB+CD = BC + AD

12. PARALLELOGRAM

• Isosceles triangle:

• AC²+BD² = AB²+BC²+CD²+AD²= 2(AB²+BC²)

• Area of parallelogram = Base × height
= AD x ABsinÐ DAB
• Two diagonals of a parallelogram divide the
parallelogram into triangles of four equal
areas but opposite triangles are congruent
only.
Ø If Any two sides are equal.
AB = AC , then Ð C = Ð B
Ø If AD ^ BC , then
BD = CD ( AD = angle bisector )

b2 4a2 - b2
Ø Height (Altitude), AD = a2 - =
4 4
1 4a2 - b2 b
Ø Area = ´b´ = 4a2 - b2
2 2 4 Area = X1 = X2 = Y1 = Y2
11. QUADRILATERAL
Congruent = X1 @X2 & Y1 @Y2
• If ‘P’ is a point inside a parallelogram then
(Area  APD+ Area  PBC)= (Area  APB +
Area  DPC)
1
= area of ABCD.
2
 Geometry
Theory Sheet
• Diagonals bisect each other O is mid-point of
diagonals at 90°

• R = OA = OC & OM = r
a 2 a
R:r= : = 2 :1
2 2
• If P and Q are mid-point of DC & BC
15. RHOMBUS
respectively then area
= 1 × AC× BD
APQ = 83 area of ABCD • Area
2
Ø All sides are equal but AC ¹ BC.
Ø Diagonals bisect each other
at 900
Ø Diagonal divides the
rhombus into 4 congruent
right triangles.

16. TRAPEZIUM
• The angle bisectors of a parallelogram form 1
a rectangle. PQRS is a rectangle. • Area =´ h (AB + CD)
2
OA OB AB
• = =
OC OD CD
• AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2AB.CD
13. RECTANGLE

• Area of ABCD = AB x BC .
• Area

(ABC) = area (BCD) = area (ABD)

1
= area (ACD ) = (ABCD )
2
• Relation between areas formed by the
diagonals.

• Diagonals bisect each other

• P is any point in rectangle ABCD, then
AP 2 + CP 2 = BP 2 + PD2

• If E and F are mid-points of AC and BD

1
14. SQUARE respectively, then EF =
2
( AB - CD)

• AREA of ABCD = side2

• AB = BC= CD = DA = a • P and Q are the mid-points of AD and BC
• AC = BD = a 2 1
respectively, then PQ =
2
( AB + CD)
 Geometry
Theory Sheet

• The length of parallel side EF

ad + bc
EF =
a+b Ø Equal chords are equidistance from the
centre and vice versa.

17. POLYGONS Ø The perpendicular from the centre of a circle

to a chord bisect the chord.
• Sum of all interior angles of a polygon with
‘n’ sides = (n - 2) ´ 180°
• Interior angle =
(n - 2) ´ 180 = 180 - extrior angle
n
• each exterior angle of a regular polygon
Ø The angle subtended by an chord at the
360°
= Centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended
n by the chord at any point on the major arc.
n (n - 3 )
• Number of diagonals =
2
2 °
• Area of regular polygon = na ´ cot æç 180 ö÷
4 è n ø
18. CIRCLE
It is locus of the points which are
equidistance from a fixed point. The fixed
point is called the centre of the circle and
fixed distance is called the radius. Ø
Angle made by the diameter on
circumference is always 90°
• Chord
The line segment joining the two points on a
circle’s circumference.

Ø If two chords intersect inside a circle

• IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CIRCLES-

Ø Equal chords subtend equal angles at the

centre and vice versa.
Then, AE ´ EB = CE ´ ED
Ø If two chords intersect outside a circle or two
secant intersect each other.
Then EA ´ EB = EC ´ ED
 Geometry
Theory Sheet

Ø If a secant and a tangent externally intersect

each other. Then DC² = DA ´ DB Ø If two chords AB and CD intersect at P, then
1
Ð APC = Ð BPD =
2
(x + y )

Ø Two chords AB and AC of a circle are equal.

Then the centre of the circle lies on the angle
bisector of Ð BAC .

Ø If two chords AB and CD intersect each other

at 900, then 4r2 = AE2 + BE2 + CE2 + DE2

Ø The angle made by the diameter at

circumference is 900
Ø In the above figure, AE is angle bisector of
Ð BAC then
AB. AC + DE.AE = AE²

2πr
Ø Length of arc = ×θ (θ in degree )
360
l = r θ (θ in radius) (∵ 2π = 360°)
πr2
* area of sector= ×θ (in degree )
360
Ø When two chords AB and CD are extended to
1 1
= r2θ (θ is in radian)( 2π=360°) = lr (Ql=rθ) 1
2 2 meet at P, then APC = y -x
2

Ø Angles by the same segment of a circle are • Tangents

equal. A line segment touches only at one point of a
i.e., Ð ACB = Ð ADB circle is called a tangent of the circle and the
point of contact or tangent point.
 Geometry
Theory Sheet

• Ð ADC = Ð CBP
• Important Properties of Tangent
Ø The line joining centre of circle and point of
contact is perpendicular to the point.

• Ptolemy’s theorem:
AC.BD = AB.DC + AD.BC

Ø Tangents drawn from an external point to a

circle
§ PQ = PR
§ Ð QPO = Ð OPR = Ð SQP
Ð QOP = Ð POR = Ð PQS • If one diagonal bisects the other
§
PQ QS AB AD = BC CD
=
§ QO SO
§ PQOR is a cyclic quadrilateral
Ø Alternate segment Theorem
The angle between a chord and a tangent
drawn at end point of chord is equal
respectively to the angle formed in the
corresponding alternate segments.
20. SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
• If a quadrilateral circumscribed a circle.
AB + DC = AD + BC

Ø PT is a tangent and PAB is a secant

• AB + BC + AC = 2AQ = 2AR

PT2 = PA ´ PB
19. CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL • ÐAPB is always right angle
• 0
Ð A + Ð C = Ð B + Ð D = 180
 Geometry
Theory Sheet

1 1 1
• = + , where a,b,c are radii
• Remember Ð POQ = 90° and r2 = PC x CQ c a b
24. INTERSECTING CIRCLES

• ÐPAQ + ÐPBQ = 180°

PQ2 = XY2 - AB2

21. DIRECT COMMON TANGENT

• Here, length of C1C2 = d

DCT = d2 - (r1 - r2 )2

22. TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENT

• TCT = d2 - (r1 + r2 )2
Here, ( d > (r1 + r2 )

23. FOR EXTERNALLY TOUCHING CIRCLES

• PQ = 2 r1r2

•
r2 = r r
1 3
 Coordinate Geometry

Coordinate Geometry
 Coordinate Geometry
• Slope of AB = Slope of BC
• Area of D ABC=0

4. LINE
• Slope of line: If a line makes an angle θ with positive
x-axis, then tangent of that angle is called slope of line.
Slope is denoted by m D m = tan θ

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS m = tan θ =

y 2 - y1
, ax + by + c = 0
1. DISTANCE FORMULA x2 - x1
• Slope Intercept Form
Ø y = mx+c, where m is the
slope of the line and c is
the y-intercept of the
line.
Ø y-intercept of a line is
the y-coordinate of the
point where the line
intersects the y-axis.
• Slope Point Form
The equation of a line with slope m and passing
through a point ( x1,y1) :( y - y1)= m (x-x1)
AB = ( x2 - x1)2 + ( y2 - y1)2
• Two Point Form
2. SECTION FORMULA The equation of a line passing through two given
Co-ordinates of a point which divides the line segment y - y1
joining two points A (x1,y1) and B (x2,y2) in the ratio m1 points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) is (y-y1)= 2 (x-x1)
x2 - x1
: m2 are :
• Intercept Form
x y
+ =1
æ m1x2 + m2x1 m1y 2 + m2y1 ö a b
• çç , ÷ , for internal division. where a and b are x
è m1 + m2 m1 + m2 ÷ø
and y intercept
æ m1x2 - m2x1 m1y 2 - m2y1 ö respectively of the line.
• çç , ÷ ,for external division
è m1 - m2 m1 - m2 ÷ø
• If m1= m2, then the point P is the mid-point of AB
5. POSITION OF A POINT
æx +x y +y ö RELATIVE TO A LINE
whose co-ordinates are ç 1 2 , 1 2 ÷
è 2 2 ø • The point (x1, y1) lies on the line ax + by + c = 0 if
ax1+by1+c=0
3. CONDITION OF COLLINEARITY OF THREE POINTS
Three points A (x1, y1) B(x2,y2) and B(x3,y3) will be • Length of intercept between both axis = a2 + b2
collinear if one of the following four conditions is • Parallel Lines
satisfied. Ø Two lines are parallel if their slopes m1 and m2 are
• If sum of any two distances AB, BC and CA is equal to equal i.e., m1 = m2.
the third distance.
y 2 - y1 y - y2
• = 3
x2 - x1 x3 - x2
 Coordinate Geometry
Ø Lines a1x+b1y+c1 = 0 and a2x+b2y+c2 = 0 are parallel if
a1 b
= 1
a2 b2

• Perpendicular Lines
Ø Two lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes
m1 and m2, is-1 i.e., m1 × m2 = - 1.
Ø Lines a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0 are perpendicular
if a1a2+b1b2=0.
• Coincident Lines Co-ordinates of centroid,
Two lines a1x+b1y+c1= 0 and a1x+b2y+c2=0 are
æ x + x + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 ö
coincident G= ç 1 2 , ÷÷
ç 3 3
a b c è ø
if 1 = 1 = 1
a2 b2 c 2
11. CO-ORDINATES OF INCENTRE
6. DISTANCE OF A LINE FROM A POINT
• The length P of the perpendicular from the poit (x1,y1)
on the line ax+by+c=0 is given by
ax1 + by1 + c
P=
a2 + b2
• Length of perpendicular from origin to the line ax
c
+by+c=0 is given by
Co-ordinates of incentre,
a2 + b2
æ ax + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by 2 + cy 3 ö
7. DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES I= ç 1 , ÷÷ ,
ç a+b+c a+b+c
The distance between two parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 è ø
where a, b, c is length of the sides opposite to vertices
c1 - c2 A, B, C respectively of triangle ABC.
and ax - by + c2 =0 is
a2 + b2 12. CO-ORDINATES OF
CIRCUMCENTRE
8. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO STRAIGHT LINES
• If θ be the angle between two straight lines y • If a triangle is right
m1 - m2 angle, then its
= m1x + c1 and y =m2x+c2, then tan θ =
1 + m1m2 circumcentre is the
midpoint of
• If θ be the angle between two straight lines hypotenuse.
a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2= 0, then • If A ( x1,y1) B (x2, y2) and
a1b2 - a1b2 C (x3, y3) are the vertices
tan θ = of a D ABC, then coordinates of the circumcentre of
a1b2 + a1b2
the triangle ABC is
9. AREA OF TRIANGLE æ x1sin2A + x2sin2B + x3sin2C y1sin2A + y 2sin2B + y 3sin2C ö
çç , ÷÷
Let A (x1,y1), B (x2,y2) and C (x3,y3) are vertices of a è sin2A + sin2B + sin2C sin2A + sin2B + sin2C ø
triangle, then area of the triangle ABC 13. CO-ORDINATES OF ORTHOCENTRE
1
= |x1(y2-y3)+ x2(y3-y1)+ x3(y1-y2)|
2
10. CO-ORDINATES OF CENTROID

Coordinate of the orthocentre of D ABC

 Coordinate Geometry
æ x1tan A + x2tan B + x3tan C y1tan A + y 2tan B + y 3tan C ö
çç , ÷÷
è tan A + tan B + tan C tan A + tan B + tan C ø
14. CIRCLE

• x2+y2 = r2 is called equation of circle.

• Standard equation of a circle

x2 + y2 +2gx +2fy+c=0 where Centre = (-g,-f)
• Radius = g2 + f 2 - c
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

Mensuration
Complete Theory
USEFUL for SSC CGL, CHSL, CPO
& MTS

1
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

1. Square: ................................................................... 5
1.1 Square................................................................. 5
1.2 Types of Square................................................. 5
2. Circle: ..................................................................... 5
2.1 Circle .................................................................. 5
2.2 Standard value in circle ................................... 5
2.3 ............................................................................. 6
2.4 Semi Circle.......................................................... 6
2.5 Quarter Circle..................................................... 6
2.6 ............................................................................ 7
2.7 ............................................................................ 7
2.8 ............................................................................ 7
2.9 ............................................................................ 8
2.10 ............................................................................ 8
2.11 ............................................................................ 8
2.12 ............................................................................ 9
2.13 ............................................................................ 9
2.14 ............................................................................ 9
2.15 ............................................................................ 9
2.16 ............................................................................ 10
3. Square inside a triangle:...................................... 10
3.1 ............................................................................. 10
3.2 Types of Square................................................. 10
4. Right Angled D :..................................................... 11
4.1 ............................................................................. 11
4.2 ............................................................................. 11
4.3 ............................................................................. 11
4.4 ............................................................................. 11
5. Pythagoras Theorem............................................ 12
5.1 ............................................................................. 12
5.2 ............................................................................. 12
5.3 ............................................................................. 13
5.4 ............................................................................. 13
5.5 ............................................................................. 14
6. ................................................................................. 14
6.1 ............................................................................. 14
6.2 ............................................................................. 14
7. ................................................................................. 15
7.1 ............................................................................. 15
7.2 ............................................................................. 15
* Reglar Polygon ..................................................... 17
* General Formula for Prism: ................................ 18
* General Formula for Pyramid:............................ 19

2
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
* Prism: .................................................................... 19
1. Cubes ..................................................................... 19
2. Cutting of cubes ................................................... 20
3. Joining of cubes..................................................... 21
* Cuboid: .................................................................. 22
* Cylinder: ................................................................ 23
* Cylinder from rectangular sheet: ...................... 23
* Hollow Cylinder: ................................................... 24
* Cone: ...................................................................... 25
* Cone : (types of rotating) :................................... 26
* Cone frustrum :..................................................... 27
* Cone cutting : ....................................................... 27
* Cone cutting into n-equal parts.:....................... 28
* Cone cutting into equal parts of vol. ................ 29
* Pyramid: ............................................................... 30
1. Base is a triangle.................................................. 30
2. Base is an equilateral triangle ........................... 30
3. Regular tetrahedron: .......................................... 31
* Base is a square: .................................................. 32
* Base in regular hexagon: ................................... 33
* Frustrum of square pyramid: ............................ 34
* Sphere: ................................................................. 35
* Hemi sphere: ........................................................ 36
Special Case: .............................................................. 37

3
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
#1 Square :

1.1)
Perimeter = 4a
Area = (side)2
!
= " (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙)²
Diagonal = a√2

1.2)
ABCD is a square.
Diagonal AC & BD
intersects at O.
Here,
ar(AOB) = ar(BOC)
= ar(COD) = ar(DOA)

#2 Circle :

2.1)
Radius = r
d = diameter = 2r
C = circumference
= 2pr = pd
area = pr2

2.2)
Standard values in circle : {RaMo Mantra}
Radius : Circumference : Area

7 : 44 : 154
14 : 88 : 616
21 : 132 : 1386
3.5 : 22 : 38.5

2.3)
r=7

4
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
Area of quarter circle: 38.5

2.4)
Semi Circle :-

P = Perimeter = pr + 2r
p#²
area =
"

r : P : area
7 : 36 : 77
14 : 72 : 308

2.5)
Quarter circle :-

p# p#²
P= "
+ 2𝑟, area = %

Standard Value :

r : P : A
7 : 25 : 38.5
14 : 50 : 154

2.6)

Area of shaded region is equal in each case.

5
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
2.7)
Area of shaded region
p&² '!
= a2 - = (4 − p)
% %

If side of square = 7 unit

Area of Qt. circle = 38.5 unit2
Area of shaded region
= 10.5 unit2
Area if square = 49 unit2

2.8)
If side of square is = 7 unit
Area of leaf = 28 unit2

2.9)

Area of shaded region is equal in each case.

6
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
2.10)
Area shaded region
'²
= !" {2p − 3√3}
= 9.05% of square area

2.11)
area of (I) = area of (II)
'²
area of (I) or (II) = !" {3√3 − p]
= 17.1208% of square area

2.12)
Area of shaded region
'²
= !" {4p − 3√3}
= 61.4166% of square area

2.13)
Area of shaded region
'²
= !" {12 − 2p − 3√3}
= 4.3388% of square area

2.14)
Area of shaded region
'!
= "
(p − 2)
%
= ( 𝑎²
= 57.02% of square area

7
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

2.15)
Area of shaded region
'²
= {361 − √37 + p}
)

= 31.5146% of square area

2.16)
Area shaded region
'²
= !" [p − 12 + 6√3]
= 12.78% of square area
!
= of square area
*

#3 Square inside a triangle :

3.1)
Side of square = x

' ' '

(
= #! + !

!×#!
x=
!$#!

Where x is on BC.

3.2)

%×!
x= %$!

! ! !
+
='+,

!%&
y= & ! $!%

Here x > y

8
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
#4 Right angled D :

4.1)
-.,/0 0
r= ; R="
"

D ',2 -×,×0
r=1; R= %D
= %D

4.2)
!%
r=
)!$%$&

4.3)
',
r=
4'.,.2

4.4)
n – identical circles
',
r = ("6/!)'.,.2

#5 Pythagoras theorem :

5.1)

Square

c2 = a2 + b2

Area ( c) = ar( b) + ar( a)

9
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
5.2)

Equilateral Ds
ar(Dc) = ar(Da) + ar(Db)

5.3)

ar(Da) = ar(Db) + ar(Dc)

5.4)

Here,
i) area(6) = area(1) + area(2) + area(3)
ii) area(4) + area(5) = area(3)

5.6)

Here,
i) area(1) = area(2)
area(3) = area(4)
ii) area of (1) + (2) + (3) + (4) = area of rectangle

10
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
#6

6.1)
',
r = '.2

6.2)
',
r=
'.,

#7

7.1)

i) area of region (1)=area of region (2)

ii) area of region (3)=area of region (4)

Standard value :

If r = 14 unit for qt. circle

Ø Area of region (1) = area of region (2) = 28 unit2

Ø Area of region (3) = area of region (4) = 49 unit2

Ø area ratio :
ar[(1) : (2) : (3) : (4)]
4: 4 : 7 : 7

7.2)
i) area of (1) = area of (7)

11
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

ii) area of (3) = area of (2)

iii) area of (5) = area of (4) = area of [(3) + (1)] = area of [(2) + (1)]

here numbers represent the area values of respective region.

Number represent the area values of respective region.

12
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

area of leaf : area of shaded region

!!
1 : { 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + 1}
"

# Regular Polygon :
n sided regular polygon (side length a)

area of n sided regular polygon

i)

*!² p
D= ,
cot*

where a is side of regular polygon

n is no. of sides.

13
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
if n = 3 if n = 6
: D = √)'² @ )√) D
% = " 𝑎" {ℎ𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛}

ii) Perimeter = n × a

# General formula for Prism (base & top regular

polygon) :

(i) CSA : curved surface area :

CSA = Perimeter of base × height

CSA = na × h

(ii) TSA : Total surface area :

TSA = CSA + 2 × base area

6'! p
TSA = nah + 2 × cot
% 6

(iii) Volume :
= area of base × height

*! ! p
Vol. = ,
(cot ,) × ℎ

• here, n à no. of side of regular polygon.

• a à is side length of reg. polygon.
• h à height of prism.

General formulas for Pyramid (base is regular polygon with pointed apex)
i) CSA : curved surface area :

'
CSA = - base perimeter × slant height

ii) TSA : Total surface area :

TSA = CSA + base area

14
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

iii) Volume :
'
Vol. = ) × area of base × height

# Prism :

1) Cube :

Face = 6
Edge = 12
Vertex = 8

(i) CSA = 4a2 {area of 4 walls}

(ii) TSA = 6a2
(iii) Vol. = a3
(iv) diagonal (AD) = a√3
(v) cutting of cube in n part parallel to edge in vertical manner:
Cutting of cube in n part, parallel to edge in verticle manner :

Ø By doing 1 cut, we get two cuboids

15
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
2
Now increase in TSA à is [2a ]
TSA of these two parts = 6a2 + 2a2
= 8a2

Ø By doing n cuts, we get (n+1) cuboids :

Now increase in TSA = 2na2
TSA of these parts (n+1) = 2a2(n + 3)
TSA = 2a2(n + 3)

# Joining of cubes :
(i) If we join two cubes there will be the loss of two surfaces.

So now,
TSA = 6a2 + 6a2 – a2 – a2
TSA = 10a2

(ii) If we join three identical cubes there will be the loss of 2(3 – 1) = 4 surfaces.

Similarly, if we join n – identical cubes, there will be the loss of 2(n - 1) surfaces.

TSA = n6a2 – 2(n – 1)a2

2a2(2n + 1)
TSA2 = 2a2(2n + 1)

# cuboid :

(i) LSA : Lateral surface area

= 2bh + 2hl
= 2(b + l)h

16
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
(ii) TSA : Total surface area = 2(lb+bh+hl)
(iii) Volume : = lbh

(iv) diagonal (HC) = E𝑙" + 𝑏" + ℎ²

(v) If S1 = lb, S2 = bh, S3 = hl
Volume = E𝑆! 𝑆" 𝑆)
(vi) (l + b + h)2 = d2 + TSA
d = E(𝑙 + 𝑏 + ℎ)" − 𝑇𝑆𝐴
TSA = (l+b+h)² - d²

# Cylinder :

(i) CSA = Perimeter of base × height

CSA = 2prh

(ii) TSA = CSA + 2 × base area

= 2prh + 2pr2
= 2pr(h + r)

(iii) volume = area of base × height

= pr2 × h
Vol. = pr2h

iv) Cylinder from rectangular sheet :

(a) l = 2pr

.²%
Vol.(𝒍) = ,p

17
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
(b) %².
Vol(b) = ,p

(c)
𝑉𝐿 .
𝑉𝑏
=%

# Hollow cylinder :

r : inner radius
R : outer radius
t : thickness = R – r

(i) CSA = 2p(R+r)h

(ii) TSA = 2ph(R + r)+ 2p(R2 – r2)

(iii) Vol. = p(R2 – r2)h

= p(R + r)(R – r)h

= p(R + r)t × h

# Cone :

18
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

r : radius of circular base

h : height of cone
l : slant height
l2 = h2 + r2

(i) CSA = prl

(ii) TSA = pr(l + r)

!
(iii) vol. = pr2h
)

# Cone : by rotating a right angle triangle :

i) rotating about its height :

c2 = a2 + b2
!
V1 = vol = )pb²a

ii) Rotating about its base :

!
V2 = vol. = ) pa" b

19
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
iii) Rotating about its hypotenuse :

',
p=
:'! .,²

! !
Vol. = ) p(p" ) × x + ) p(p" ) × y
!
= ) pp² (x + y)
!
Vol. = ) pp² × c

! '²,² ! '²,²
V3 = p × E𝑎" + 𝑏² = p
) '! .,² ) :'! .,²

Now, vol. ratios in all three cases :

V1 : V2 : V3
',
b : a :
:'! .,²

# Cone frustrum :

l = Eℎ" + (𝑅 − 𝑟)²
CSA = p(R + r) l
TSA = CSA + top area
+ bottom area
= p(R+r)l + pr² + pR²
!
Vol. = ) p(R² + r² + rR) h

# Cone Cutting :

C1, C2, C3, C4 ……………are cones

Where C1 in smaller one.

20
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
i) If a cone is cut into three equal parts of height.
Here,

h1 : h2 : h3
1 : 2 :3

So, volume nation

V1 : (V1 + V2) : (V1 + V2 + V3)
1 : 23 : 33
&
V1 : V2 : V3
1 : 7 : 19

If cone is cut into n-equal parts of height :

So,
Volume's ratio :
V1 : V2 : V3 : …………….. : VN
1 : 7 : 19 : ……………... : n3 – (n – 1)3

Vn = 3n2 – 3n + 1
Vn = 3n(n – 1) + 1

CSA ratio :

A1 : (A1 + A2) : (A1 + A2 + A3) : ……………….. : (A1 + A2 + …………….+An)

12 : 22 : 32 : ……………….. : n2
Now,
A1 : A2 : A3 : A4 : ……….. : An
1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : ………... : n2 – (n – 1)2

An = n2 – (n – 1)2
An = 2n – 1

• If a cone is cut into equal parts of volume :

V1 : V2 : V3 : ………… : Vn
1 : 1 : 1 : ………… : 1n

21
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

So,
V1 : (V1 + V2) : (V1 + V2 + V3) : ……….. : (V1 + V2 + V3)
1 : 2 : 3 : ……….. : √𝑛
"

Height ratio :

h1 : h2 : h3 : ………….. : hn
" "
1 : √2 : √2 : …………... : √𝑛
"

Now,
h1 : (h2 – h1) : (h3 – h1) : ………….. : hn – (hn – 1)
" " " "
1 : √2 – 1 : √3 - √2 : ………….. : √𝑛 - √𝑛 − 1
"

# Pyramids :

i) Base is a triangle :
!
CSA = " perimeter of base
× slant height

TSA = area of base + CSA

!
Vol. = ) area of base × height

ii) Base is an equilateral triangle :

D ABC is an equilateral triangle (side = a)

O is centre of the triangle
H = OD is the height of the pyramid
L = DE = DF are slant height
D AOD is a right triangle
D FOD is a right triangle
D EOD is a right triangle

'
OF = OE = inradius = "√)

22
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

In open form :
(Net)
l2 = h2 + r2
' "
l2 = h2 + Q"√)R

'²
Ø l = Sℎ" + !"
! )
Ø CSA = " (3𝑎) × 𝑙 = "al
√) )
Ø TSA = Q % a²R+ "al
'! 0
Ø Vol. = %√)

iii) Regular tetrahedron :

√)'
l= "
'
r = "√)

"
h=S 𝑎
)

DABC, DADB, DADC, DBDC,

are equilateral Ds
DDOE in a right D.
DO is height, OE is inradius,
ED is slant height.

l2 = h2 + r2
'²
l = S𝑎" − %
'
r = "√)

So,
'! ' "
Q𝑎" − %
R = h2 + Q"√)R

-
h = )) 𝑎

!
CSA = " Perimeter of base × slant height
! √)
= " × 3a × "
𝑎

)√)
CSA = ,
a²

√) )√)
TSA = %
𝑎²+ % 𝑎²

23
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
TSA = √3a²

! √) "
Vol. = × 𝑎² ×S a
" % )

!³
Vol. = 1√-

# Base is a square :

Ø Here ABCD is a square

Ø OP is height
Ø OE is slant height
Ø D OPE is a right D
!
Ø PE = " 𝐴𝐵

' "
Ø l2 = h2 + Q R
"

'²
Ø l = Sℎ " + %

!
Ø CSA = perimeter of base × slant height
"
!
= × 4al
"

= 2al
= a√𝑎" + 4ℎ"

Ø TSA = CSA + base area

= aE𝑎" + 4ℎ² + a2

!
Ø Vol. = ) a²h

Ø If h = a
√4
l= "
𝑎

CSA = √5a²
TSA = (√5+1)a²
!
Vol. = a³
)

# Base in regular hexagon :

24
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet

Ø ABCDEF is a regular hexagon of side a

Ø GO is the height of pyramid.

Ø GM is slant height.

Ø D GMO is a right D.
√)
Ø OM = a
"
!
Ø CSA = " perimeter of base × height

! )
= " × 6a × Sℎ" + % 𝑎²

)
= 3aSℎ" + 𝑎²
%

Ø TSA = CSA + base area

) )√)
= 3aSℎ" + 𝑎² + a²
% "

!
Ø Vol. = ) area of base × height
! )√)
=)Q "
𝑎" R × h

Vol.
√)
= 𝑎²ℎ
"

# frustrum of square pyramid :

Ø Here, ABCD in a square with area A2 & EFGH is a square with area A1
Ø PQ in the height of frustrum.
!
Ø RQ = " AB

25
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
Ø ST is slant height.
!
Ø CSA = " (𝑃1 + 𝑃2) × 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Where P1 is the perimeter of EFGH.
P2 is the perimeter of ABCD.

Ø TSA = CSA + A1 + A2
Where A1 is the area of EFGH.
& A2 is the area of ABCD.

!
Ø Vol. = ) (A1 + A2 + √𝐴1 × 𝐴2 × h

# Sphere :

Ø CSA / TSA = 4pr2

%
Ø Vol. = ) pr³
# Hemi sphere :

26
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
Ø CSA = 2pr²
Ø TSA = 3pr²
"
Ø Vol. = )pr³

!th
Ø %
part of sphere

CSA = pr²
! !
TSA = pr² + " pr " + "pr2 = 2pr²
!
Vol. = ) pr³

27
 Mensuration
Formula Sheet
# Special case :

CSA of hemi = 2pRh + 2pRx

= 2pR(x + h)
= 2pR(R)
= 2pR2

28