TERMOKIMIA

HUKUM HESS
Germain Henri Hess
• In 1830, Hess took up chemistry full-time,
researching and teaching, and later became an
adjunct professor of Chemistry at the St.
Petersburg Academy of Sciences

• The first law of thermodynamics is a version

of the law of conservation of energy, adapted
7 Ogos 1802 -13 Dis 1850
for thermodynamic processes, distinguishing  (aged 48)
two kinds of transfer of energy, as heat and
as thermodynamic work, and relating them to a
function of a body's state, called Internal
energy.
 HABA PEMBENTUKAN
• Perubahan entalpi (haba) pembentukan
piawai suatu bahan ialah haba yang
dibebaskan atau diserap apabila 1 mol
bahan itu terbentuk daripada unsur-
unsurnya dibawah keadaan piawai.
 CONTOH HABA PEMBENTUKAN

Hof Na2O2(s)= -504.6 kJmol-1

Hof NaOH(s) = -426.8 kJmol-1

Hof H2O(l) = -286 kJmol-1

2Na(s) + O2(g)  Na2O2(s) Hof = -504.6 kJmol-1

Na(s) + 1/2O2(g) + 1/2H2(g)  NaOH(s) Hof = -426.8 kJ

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)  H2O (l) Hof = -286 kJmol-1

 HUKUM HESS
• Hukum Hess menyatakan bahawa “ Apabila bahan
tindakbalas bertukar kepada hasil tindakbalas,
perubahan entalpi adalah tetap, sama ada tindakbalas
tersebut berlaku dalam satu langkah atau beberapa siri
langkah ”.

H2
A B
H1 = H2 + H3
H1 H3
C
Perubahan entalpi adalah bebas
daripada laluan yang diambil.
 KAEDAH PENYELESAIAN
TERHADAP HUKUM HESS
 (a) Kaedah algebra
Kira H bagi tindakbalas berikut,

2Na2O2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4NaOH(s) + O2 (g)

Jika diberi tindakbalas berikut berserta nilai entalpi

perubahan bahan.

2Na(s) + O2(g)  Na2O2(s) Hof = -504.6 kJmol-1

Na(s) + 1/2O2(g) + 1/2H2(g)  NaOH(s) Hof = -426.8 kjmol-1

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)  H2O (l) Hof = -286 kJmol-1

 Penyelesaian:
2Na(s) + O2(g)  Na2O2(s) Hof = -504.6 kJmol-1

Na(s) + 1/2O2(g) +1/2H2(g)  NaOH(s) Hof = -426.8 kJmol-1

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)  H2O (l) Hof = -286 kJmol-1

2Na2O2(s)  4Na(s) + 2O2(g) H = +1009.2 kJ

4Na(s) + 2O2(g) + 2H2(g)  4NaOH(s) H = -1707.2 kJ

2H2O (l) +  2H2(g) + O2(g) H = +572kJ

2Na2O2(s) +2H2O(l)  4NaOH(s) +O2(g) H = -126 kJ

 b. Menggunakan formula

ΔH = Σ ΔH hasil – Σ ΔH bahan tindakbalas

2Na2O2(s) +2H2O(l)  4NaOH(s) +O2(g) H = -126 kJ

Hof Na2O2(s)= -504.6 kJmol-1

Hof H2O(l) = -286 kJmol-1
Hof NaOH(s) = -426.8 kJmol-1

*Can be use for selected enthalpy only

 Penyelesaian

ΔH = Σ Δ H hasil – Σ Δ H bahan tindakbalas

2Na2O2(s) +2H2O(l)  4NaOH(s) +O2(g) H = -126 kJ

Hof Na2O2(s)= -504.6 kJmol-1

Hof H2O(l) = -286 kJmol-1
Hof NaOH(s) = -426.8 kJmol-1

H = 4 x Hof NaOH -(2 x Hof H2O + 2 x Hof Na2O2)

= 4(-426.8)- [2(-286)+2(-504.6)]
= -126 kJ *Can be use for selected enthalpy only
 (c)Kaedah kitaran tenaga

Tentukan entalpi pembentukan etana, C2H6 berdasarkan

data berikut:

Hc C (grafit) = -393 kJmol-1

Hc H (g) = -286 kJmol-1

Hc C2H6(g) = -1560kJmol-1

 Penyelesaian

Hf
2C(s) + 3H2(g) C2H6(g)
+ 7/2 O2(g)
H1 H2
2O2(g)
3 H3
2
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

ΔH °f = 2( ΔH1° ) + 3(ΔH °2 ) + ΔH °3
= 2(393) +3(  286) + 1560
= 84 kJ mol1
 Soalan 1
• Dengan menggunakan kaedah kitaran tenaga, hitung
entalpi bagi tindakbalas berikut.
• C(p) + O2 (g)  CO2(g)
Diberi data berikut,
C(p) + ½ O2 (g)  CO(g) ∆H = -111kJ/mol
CO(g) + ½O2 (g)  CO2(g) ∆H = -282 kJ/mol
 Soalan 2
Consider the following hypothetical reactions:
AB H = + 30 kJ
BC H = + 60 kJ

(a) Use Hess’s law to calculate the enthalpy change for the
reaction A  C.

(b) Construct an enthalpy diagram for substances, A,B and

C, and show how Hess’s law applies.
 Soalan 3
Use Hess’s law to determine H for the reaction
C3H4(g) + 2H2(g)  C3H8(g), given that

H2(g) + 1/2O2(g)  H2O(l) H = -285.8 kJ

C3H4(g) + 4O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H = -1937 kJ
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) H = -2219.1 kJ
 Soalan 4
The enthalpy of formation of NH3(g) is -46.11 kJ/mol. What
is the H for the following reaction?

2/3NH3(g)  1/3N2(g) + H2(g) H = ?

 Soalan 5
• Pemetik api rokok mengandungi cecair butana, C4H10.

Hof [O2 (g)] = 0 kJmol-1

Hof [H2O(c)] = -285.8 kJmol-1
Hof [CO2(g)] = -393.5 kJmol-1
Hof [C4H10(g)] = -147.6 kJmol-1

(a)Kirakan kuantiti haba yang dibebaskan apabila 1.0 g butane

terbakar lengkap dalam udara.
(b) Berdasarkan jawapan anda, antara butana dan benzene
manakah bahan api yang lebih baik jika haba yang
dibebaskan semasa pembakaran 1 g benzena ialah 41.8 kJ/g