ALKANE

Structural Formulas
“Lazy” way to write the Hydrogens
Instead of drawing the bonds, just state how many
hydrogens are attached
NOTE: The bonds are between CARBONS in a parent
chain, and not hydrogens!

Structural Formula
Lewis Structure
 Isomers

 Straight chain alkanes: An alkane that

has all its carbons connected in a row.
 Branched chain alkanes: An alkane
that has a branching connection of
carbons.
 Isomers: Compounds with same
molecular formula but different
structures.
 However, carbons in butane (C H ) can be arranged
4 10
in two ways; four carbons in a row (linear alkane) or a
branching (branched alkane). These two structures
are two isomers for butane.
Different isomers are completely different
compounds. They have different structures,
different physical properties such as melting point
and boiling point, and may have different
physiological properties.
Learning Check
Draw all possible structural isomers of C5H12
Check It.....
Problems
Give an acceptable IUPAC name for each of the
following alkanes:
Cycloalkanes
Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are represented by polygons. A

triangle represents cyclopropane, a square
represents cyclobutane, a pentagon represents
cyclopentane, and so on.
Name each of the following compounds:
SOURCES OF ALKANES AND CYCLOALKANES
Modern petroleum refining involves more than distillation, however,
and includes two major additional operations:
Cracking. It is the more volatile, lower-molecular-weight
hydrocarbons that are useful as automotive fuels and as a source of
petrochemicals. Cracking increases the proportion of these
hydrocarbons at the expense of higher molecular-weight ones by
processes that involve the cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds induced by
heat (thermal cracking) or with the aid of certain catalysts (catalytic
cracking).
Reforming. The physical properties of the crude oil fractions known
as light gasoline and naphtha are appropriate for use as a motor fuel,
but their ignition characteristics in high-compression automobile
engines are poor and give rise to preignition, or “knocking” Reforming
converts the hydrocarbons in petroleum to aromatic hydrocarbons and
highly branched alkanes, both of which show less tendency for
knocking than unbranched alkanes and cycloalkanes.
 Distillation of crude oil yields a series of volatile
fractions having the names indicated, along wih a
nonvolatile residue. The number of carbon atoms that
characterize the hydrocarbons in each fraction is
approximate.
Physics Properties
1. Boiling Point
Boiling points of unbranched alkanes and their 2-methyl-branched
isomers.
Physics Properties
Solubility in Water. A familiar physical property of
alkanes is contained in the adage “oil and water don’t
mix.” Alkanes-indeed all hydrocarbons-are virtually
insoluble in water. alkanes, from water is called the
“hydrophobic effect”.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. COMBUSTION OF ALKANES
THANKS U.....