MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM

Chapter Three:
Graphics/Image Data Representation

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 Graphics/Images
 A digital image contains 2D samples of a surface, which can be
represented as matrices
 Each sample in an image is called a pixel
 A pixel is the smallest image component and thus shows the smallest detail
 Each pixel contains values representing a particular color

Pixels
 Each pixel is given a numerical
value that represents the
corresponding color
 They are the smallest unit of
information that makes up a
picture. Usually round or
square, they are typically
arranged in a 2-dimensional
2 grid.
 Where to get digital images
 By scanning existing images (a drawing or an old photograph or a painting)
 By taking a picture with our digital camera
 By creating something original using MS Paint or Photoshop or some
graphics program

Converting Analog to Digital

Analog to digital image conversion is a 2 step process
Sampling:
how often do I take a sample (measurement) to represent the image
how many parts will I break the thing up into
Quantizing:
how many discrete values will I use to represent the parts of the
image
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 Sampling for Images
 Original Image

image with 4
samples
(2x2)

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 Sampling
image with
8x8 samples

Image with
88X88 samples

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 Quantizing for Images
represent the color of each square with 1 bit
(only 2 colors)

represent the color of each square with 4 bit

(16 colors)

24 bits to represent the color of each square

(about 16 million colors)

6 NOTE: all these images have the exact same number of samples
 Image Quality
Image quality depends on:
 Spatial resolution and
 Color (Intensity Level) resolution

Spatial resolution
Density of pixels per inch.
A measure of the smallest discernible detail in an image
When scanning or getting an image from our digital camera, the
scanner or the camera can determine how many samples to take
(how finely to break down the images)
The more samples that are taken, the higher the resolution will
be.
Given in terms of dots(pixels) per inch
Samples on scanners/printers are measured as dots per inch (DPI)
Samples on a monitor are measured as pixels per inch (PPI)
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 Higher spatial resolution
o Captures more detail.
 Pixels are smaller and closely packed.
o Produces sharper, more accurate images.
Lower spatial resolution
o Captures less detail
 Pixels are larger.
o Images appear fuzzy.
High spatial resolutions yield large file sizes but better
image quality.

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 Example
 If we scan an 8 inch by 10 inch image at 100dpi, the image will be (8*100)
* (10*100) = 800*1000 = 800,000 samples (almost 1 million samples).
 QUESTION: What do we call a sample in an image?
 Thus the above image would have 800,000 pixels.

If we scan the same image,8 inch by 10 inch, at a resolution of 300dpi

after scanning, we will get (8 * 300) * (10 * 300) = 7,200,000 pixels
(about 7 million pixels)
NOTE: when printing an image, you should print with a dpi of at least
300.

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 Pixels in Digital Cameras
 How many megapixels (millions of pixels) you can capture in a
photograph on your digital camera
 A table below shows relation between megapixels and image sizes in
digital cameras
Megabytes Size of image Total # of Printing at 300dpi,
(pixels WxH) Pixels biggest suggested print

1 Megapixel 1280 X 960 1,228,800 4.2” by 3.2 “

2 Megapixels 1600 X 1200 1,920,000 5.3” by 4 “
3 Megapixels 2048 X 1536 3,145,728 6.8” by 5.1”
4 Megapixels 2272 X 1704 3,871,488 7.5 by 5.6 “
5 Megapixels 2560 X 1920 4,915,200 8.5” by 6.4”

 Thus, a camera with more megapixels can print a larger image

without the human eye detecting a loss of quality.
 If you just want to print 6” by 4” images, you don’t need
much more than 3 megapixels
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 Printing Images on Paper
 When printing an image, the image must be printed at a size that has
a minimum of 300 pixels per inch.
 QUESTION: Thus if you had an image that was 3000 pixels by
1500 pixels, for the print quality to be good enough to the human
eye, what size should you print it at?
 Answer:
 3000/300  10 inches by 1500/300  5 inches.
 DON’T PRINT IT ANY LARGER THAN 10” by 5”
Review Questions
1. How many pixels is an image that is 800 pixels by 800 pixels?
2. How many megapixels is that image?
3. How big would this picture be if you printed it out at 200 dpi?
4. How big would this picture be if you printed it out at 300 dpi?
5. How many colors can you represent with 4 bit?
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 Colour or Intensity Level Resolution
Number of colors each pixel can display.
Intensity level resolution refers to the number of
intensity levels used to represent the image(pixel
depth).
The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of
detail discernable in an image
Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the
number of bits used Number
to store each intensity level
of Intensity
Number of Bits Examples
Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011, 01010101

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 Intensity Level Resolution
1 bit per pixel (binary image)

2 bit per pixel (gray scale image)

4 bit per pixel (gray scale image)

0000 0001 1111

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8 bits per pixel (gray scale image)

File Size for Images

The size and quality of uncompressed images depend on
Spatial resolution of an image (number of pixels)
Intensity level resolution (also called bit depth)

14 Image file size = Horizontal pixels * Vertical pixels * Bit Depth

 Graphics/Image Data Types
Binary Image
Gray Scale Image
True Color Image
8-bit Color Image

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 Binary Image
 Also referred as 1-bit image
 Each pixel is stored as a single bit (0 or 1)
 Use for pictures containing simple graphics or text
 A 640 × 480 binary image requires 37.5 KB of
storage
Gray Scale Image
Also referred as 8-bit Images
Each pixel is represented by a single byte
Each pixel has a gray-value between 0 & 255
A 640 × 480 grayscale image requires 300 KB of storage

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 True Color Images
 Also referred as 24-bit Color Images
 Each pixel is represented by three bytes, usually RGB
supports 256 × 256 × 256 possible colors.
A 640 × 480 24-bit color image would require 921.6 KB of storage
without any compression
 Some 24‐bit color images are stored as
32‐bit image
Extra byte of data for
special‐effect information
8-bit Color Image
 Only 256 colors
 Use the concept of a lookup
table to store color information.
 The image stores not color, but a

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set of indexes into a table
Bitmapped Images Vs. Vector Graphics
Bitmapped Graphic Image
Image consists of pixels in a grid
Also called raster graphics image
Bitmapped images are resolution dependent
All images from scanners and digital cameras are bitmapped
images

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 Resampling Bitmapped images
Process of increasing or decreasing the number of samples
described in a file.
 Upsampling: adding samples to the file.
 Downsampling: reducing the samples in the image.
Upsampling: used to enlarge the physical dimensions of an
image on a given device.
 Software creates additional pixels for the image.
• Algorithms interpolate the pixel and color to add.
 Can significantly degrade the original image.
Downsampling: reducing the pixels in the file can produce
smaller images that maintain good quality

19 ◦ 32 pixels by 32 pixels ◦ 245 pixels by 245 pixels

 RESIZE without Resampling
A bitmapped image can be resized without resampling
 Enlarging a printout may produce acceptable results.
• Caution: excessive enlargement will distort the image with blocky,
mottled surface appearance.
 Reducing the image size without resampling can produce
high quality printouts.
• Pixels are packed more closely together.
Excessive enlarging without resampling can lead to distorted
images.
Resizing without resampling has no effect on monitor
display of image.

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 Common Bitmap Formats
Common bitmap file formats are:
BMP(BitMap)
GIF(Graphics Interchange format)
JPEG, JPG(Joint Photographic Expert Group)
PNG(Portable Network Graphics)
PICT (Macintosh)
PCX
TIFF(Tagged Image file format)
PSD (Adobe Photoshop)
Popular bitmap editing tools/software packages:
Microsoft Paint
Adobe Photoshop
Corel Photo-Paint, Corel Paint Shop Pro
The Gimp

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 Vector Graphics
Vector image is made up of individual, scalable
objects.
Objects are defined by mathematical equations
Objects consist of lines, curves and shapes
No distortion as image is enlarged

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 Most browsers don’t display vector graphics
without a plug in.
Only can be used with drawings, not photographs
Usually vector graphic image has a smaller file
size than the same image stored as a bitmap.
Below: enlarging and shrinking an image: left
using a vector graphical image, right using a
bitmapped

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 Common Vector File Formats
Common Vector file formats include:
AI (Adobe Illustrator)
CDR (CorelDRAW)
CMX (Corel Exchange)
CGM Computer Graphics Metafile
DXF AutoCAD
WMF Windows Metafile
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
Popular vector drawing programs/software packages are:
Adobe Illustrator
CorelDRAW
Xara Xtreme
Serif DrawPlus

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How do we pick the most appropriate file format?

Depends on what type of

image we are representing
How many colors do you
think were used in this
image:
How many colors do you
think were used in this
image:

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 Depends on type of image!
The type of image we are trying to compress will
determine the best file format to choose!
3 file formats we will look at:
GIF
JPG
PNG

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 GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
Widely used on the World Wide Web
Cross Platform (works on Macs, Windows)
Supports 8 bit colour
Not great for photographs but good for clipart, logos,
animation

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 GIF
Produces smaller file sizes than jpgs
Does a lossless compression:
Assume we have an image that is
 200 by 200 pixels
 If the original image had 256 colours or less
With no compression the file size would be:
200*200*3/1024 = 117 KB
Same image, save as a gif:
 With 256 Colours  8.4 KB
 With 16 Colours (cant pick less than 9 in Photoshop)
 5 KB
NOTICE: NO CHANGE IN QUALITY,
LOSSLESS COMPRESSION!
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 Transparency
Allows for transparency
of ONE colour
Background will show
through:

GIF  Transparency
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 GIF  Animation
Allows for animation
Don’t need a plug in for gif animation!
Works in all browsers, universal format!

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 GIF  Dithering
Allows for dithering:
Question: What do you think a program, that converts
images into gifs does, if the image has more than 256
colors?
Solution 1: Substitute one of the colors you have for one
of the colors you are missing
Solution 2: dithering

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 GIF  Dithering
Juxtaposing (place side by side) pixels of two colors
to create the illusion that a third color is present
(grainy look)
Example:
◦ Assume our image uses 257 colours
◦ The 257th colour that is not in our palette is:
◦ Assume we do have these 2 colours: and
◦ Thus dithering will change this 

◦ To this 

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 Another Example of Dithering

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 GIF  Interlacing
How images are downloaded to your
screen
Interlacing lets you have a feel for the
whole picture, you don’t have to wait
around to see it download (good for
dial up connections)
a process by which the image is
drawn in a series of passes rather
than all at the same time (file size
bigger)

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JPG (JPEG) – Joint Photographic Experts Group

Widely used on the World Wide Web

Cross Platform (works on Macs, Windows)
Supports 24 bit colour
Great for photographs
Larger file sizes than GIFs BUT allows for a full
colour scheme!

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 JPG
Good for photographs, computer games, screenshots,
stills from a movie, etc
Best for blends of color, softer shadow effects, subtle
changes in color
Not good for well-defined lines or sharp contrasts between
colours
Question: Guess which one is the GIF and which one is
the JPG:

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 JPG
JPG does a lossy compression
Discards more data about colours than about brightness
Not all of the information in the original image is
preserved – not the same as the original
Compression is achieved by ‘forgetting’ certain details
about the image, which the JPG will then try to fill in later
when it is being displayed
Degree of amount of information LOST (lossyness) can
be varied by adjusting compression parameters.
(controlled by you)

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 JPG
Original  0%
Compression = 100%
Quality

Quality of image is inversely

proportional to amount of
compression
A higher image quality setting (has
a lower compression value) results
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in less data being discarded.
 JPG
No Transparency
No Animation
No Interlacing
No dithering (Question: why no dithering)

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 PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
Pronounced PING
Does LOSSLESS compression
Two versions of PNG
PNG-8
PNG-24

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 PNG-8
Similar to GIF
Only allows for 256 colours
Allows for 1 transparent colour
Storing of colours is more efficient in PNG files than
GIFS thus PNG-8 files might be SMALLER than their
GIF counterparts

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 PNG-24
Allows for 24 bit colour
It is LOSSLESS so JPG files will be smaller than the
same image saved as PNG-24 file
Allows for transparency on each pixel, with different
levels of opacity:

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 Comparison of GIF, JPG, PNG
GIF JPG PNG-8 PNG-24
Best For Logos, Photographs Logos, Photograph
Cartoons, Cartoons, Images with a
Drawings Drawings need for
transparency
Type of Lossless Lossy Lossless Lossless
Compression
Well Supported All All All Not on IE6
in Browsers
Transparency One COLOUR NO One COLOUR Varying levels
only only of opacity and
transparency
Animation Yes No No No
Dithering Yes No Yes No
Interlacing Yes No Yes Yes
Shape of image Must be
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 Warm up Question:

Question: Match the following images to the correct file

format:

1. GIF

2. PNG

3. JPG

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 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEM

Chapter Four :
Colour Models in Images

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 Color
Produced by light of various wavelengths - when light strikes an
object and reflects back to the eyes

Colour images
 Colour images have two components:
 Raster data – an array of pixels;
 Colour model – a description of how pixels are mapped to colours.
 A pixel is defined in terms of its components in a particular colour space.

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 Color
An element of art with three properties:
Hue : The name given to a color
 Example: red, yellow, blue

Intensity: purity and strength of a color

Value: the lightness or darkness of a color
There are two different ways to combine colors
additive color mixing
subtractive

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 Combining lights of two different colors
Additive color mixing

 The primary colors are red, green & blue

 secondary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow
 Used in display devices: CRTs, LCDs

Subtractive color mixing

 Describes how two colored paints or inks combine on a piece of paper.
 Primaries are: Cyan, Magenta, &Yellow
 Used for printers

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Color Models
Color models:
Different ways of representing information about color
Example:
 RGB
 HSB
 CMYK

HSB Model
Based on human perception of color, describe three fundamental
properties of color:
Hue
Saturation (or chroma)
Brightness - relative lightness or darkness of color, also measured as
%

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HSB Model
 Hue - color reflected from or
transmitted through an object,
measured on color wheel

 Saturation (or chroma) -

strength or purity of color

Brightness - relative
lightness or darkness of
color, also measured as %
0% 50% 100%

Black white

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uses additive colors
specifies colors according
RGB Color Model

to R,G, & B components

can be visualized as a cube
CMYK Color
Model
 Based on light-absorbing quality of ink printed on paper
 As light is absorbed, part of the spectrum is absorbed and part is
reflected back to eyes
 specifies colors according to C, M,& Y components
 Combination of C, M and Y results Black
 In theory, pure colors should produce black, but printing inks contain
impurities, so this combination produces muddy brown
 K is needed to produce pure black, hence CMYK is four-color
process printing
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