CALEB BRITISH INT’L SCHOOL.

SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY

DATE:25TH – 29TH 2021

WEEK:3

CLASS:YR10

TOPIC: OXIDATION NUMBER

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 CALEB BRITISH INT’L SCHOOL
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

1. DEFINE OXIDATION NUMBER

2. CALCULATE OXIDATION NUMBER AND GIVE THE NAMES OF SOME

COMPOUNDS

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 OXIDATION STATES

Used to...tell if oxidation or reduction has taken place

work out what has been oxidised and/or reduced
construct half equations and balance redox equations

ATOMS AND SIMPLE IONS

The number of electrons which must be added or removed to become neutral

atoms Na in Na = 0 neutral already ... no need to add any electrons

cations Na in Na+ = +1 need to add 1 electron to make Na+ neutral
anions Cl in Cl¯ = -1 need to take 1 electron away to make Cl¯ neutral
 OXIDATION STATES

Used to...tell if oxidation or reduction has taken place

work out what has been oxidised and/or reduced
construct half equations and balance redox equations

ATOMS AND SIMPLE IONS

The number of electrons which must be added or removed to become neutral

atoms Na in Na = 0 neutral already ... no need to add any electrons

cations Na in Na+ = +1 need to add 1 electron to make Na+ neutral
anions Cl in Cl¯ = -1 need to take 1 electron away to make Cl¯ neutral

Q.
Q. What
What are
are the
the oxidation
oxidation states
states of
of the
the elements
elements in
in the
the following?
following?
a)
a) C
C b)
b) Fe
Fe3+
3+ c)
c) Fe
Fe2+
2+

d)
d) O
O2-2- e)
e) He
He f)
f) Al
Al3+
3+
 OXIDATION STATES

Used to...tell if oxidation or reduction has taken place

work out what has been oxidised and/or reduced
construct half equations and balance redox equations

ATOMS AND SIMPLE IONS

The number of electrons which must be added or removed to become neutral

atoms Na in Na = 0 neutral already ... no need to add any electrons

cations Na in Na+ = +1 need to add 1 electron to make Na+ neutral
anions Cl in Cl¯ = -1 need to take 1 electron away to make Cl¯ neutral

Q.
Q. What
What are
are the
the oxidation
oxidation states
states of
of the
the elements
elements in
in the
the following?
following?
a)
a) C
C (0)
(0) b)
b) Fe 3+ (+3)
Fe3+ (+3) c)
c) Fe 2+ (+2)
Fe2+ (+2)

d)
d) O
O2-2- (-2)
(-2) e)
e) He
He (0)
(0) f)
f) Al 3+ (+3)
Al3+ (+3)
 OXIDATION STATES

MOLECULES
The SUM of the oxidation states adds up to ZERO

ELEMENTS H in H2 = 0 both are the same and must add up to Zero

COMPOUNDS C in CO2 = +4
O in CO2 = -2 1 x +4 and 2 x -2 = Zero
 OXIDATION STATES

MOLECULES
The SUM of the oxidation states adds up to ZERO

ELEMENTS H in H2 = 0 both are the same and must add up to Zero

COMPOUNDS C in CO2 = +4
O in CO2 = -2 1 x +4 and 2 x -2 = Zero

Explanation

• because CO2 is a neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation states must be zero
• for this, one element must have a positive OS and the other must be negative
 OXIDATION STATES

MOLECULES
The SUM of the oxidation states adds up to ZERO

ELEMENTS H in H2 = 0 both are the same and must add up to Zero

COMPOUNDS C in CO2 = +4
O in CO2 = -2 1 x +4 and 2 x +2 = Zero

HOW DO YOU DETERMINE WHICH IS THE POSITIVE ONE?

• the more electronegative species will have the negative value

• electronegativity increases across a period and decreases down a group
• O is further to the right than C in the periodic table so it has the negative value
 OXIDATION STATES

MOLECULES
The SUM of the oxidation states adds up to ZERO

ELEMENTS H in H2 = 0 both are the same and must add up to Zero

COMPOUNDS C in CO2 = +4
O in CO2 = -2 1 x +4 and 2 x +2 = Zero

HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE VALUE OF

AN ELEMENT’S OXIDATION STATE?

• from its position in the periodic table and/or

• the other element(s) present in the formula
 OXIDATION STATES

COMPLEX IONS
The SUM of the oxidation states adds up to THE CHARGE

e.g. NO3- sum of the oxidation states = -1

SO42- sum of the oxidation states = - 2
NH4+ sum of the oxidation states = +1

Examples

in SO42- the oxidation state of S = +6 there is ONE S

O = -2 there are FOUR O’s
+6 + 4(-2) = -2 so the ion has a 2- charge
 OXIDATION STATES

COMPLEX IONS
The SUM of the oxidation states adds up to THE CHARGE

e.g. NO3- sum of the oxidation states = -1

SO42- sum of the oxidation states = - 2
NH4+ sum of the oxidation states = +1

Examples

What is the oxidation state (OS) of Mn in MnO4¯ ?

• the oxidation state of oxygen in most compounds is -2

• there are 4 O’s so the sum of its oxidation states -8
• overall charge on the ion is -1
• therefore the sum of all the oxidation states must add up to - 1
• the oxidation states of Mn four O’s must therefore equal -1
• therefore the oxidation state of Mn in MnO4¯is +7
+7 + 4(-2) = - 1
 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 1
Many elements can exist in more than one oxidation state
In compounds, certain elements are used as benchmarks to work out other values

HYDROGEN +1 except 0 atom (H) and molecule (H2)

-1 hydride ion, H¯ in sodium hydride NaH

OXYGEN -2 except 0 atom (O) and molecule (O2)

-1 in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
+2 in F2O

FLUORINE -1 except 0 atom (F) and molecule (F2)

 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 1
Many elements can exist in more than one oxidation state
In compounds, certain elements are used as benchmarks to work out other values

HYDROGEN +1 except 0 atom (H) and molecule (H2)

-1 hydride ion, H¯ in sodium hydride NaH

OXYGEN -2 except 0 atom (O) and molecule (O2)

-1 in hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
+2 in F2O

FLUORINE -1 except 0 atom (F) and molecule (F2)

Q.
Q. Give
Give the
the oxidation
oxidation state
state of
of the
the element
element other
other than
than O,
O, H
H or
or FF in...
in...
SO
SO22 NH
NH33 NO
NO22 NH
NH44++IF
IF77 Cl
Cl22O
O77
NO
NO33¯¯ NO
NO22¯¯ SO
SO332-2- S
S22O
O332-2- S
S44O
O662-2- MnO
MnO442-2-

What
What is
is odd
odd about
about the
the value
value of
of the
the oxidation
oxidation state
state of
of S
S in
in S
S44O
O662-2- ??
 OXIDATION STATES
A. The oxidation states of the elements other than O, H or F are

SO2 O = -2 2 x -2 = - 4 overall neutral S = +4

NH3 H = +1 3 x +1 = +3 overall neutral N=-3
NO2 O = -2 2 x -2 = - 4 overall neutral N = +4
NH4+ H = +1 4 x +1 = +4 overall +1 N=-3
IF7 F = -1 7 x -1 = - 7 overall neutral I = +7
Cl2O7 O = -2 7 x -2 = -14 overall neutral Cl = +7 (14/2)
NO3¯ O = -2 3 x -2 = - 6 overall -1 N = +5
NO2¯ O = -2 2 x -2 = - 4 overall -1 N = +3
SO32- O = -2 3 x -2 = - 6 overall -2 S = +4
S2O32- O = -2 3 x -2 = - 6 overall -2 S = +2 (4/2)
S4O62- O = -2 6 x -2 = -12 overall -2 S = +2½ ! (10/4)
MnO42- O = -2 4 x -2 = - 8 overall -2 Mn = +6

What is odd about the value of the oxidation state of S in S 4O62- ?

An oxidation state must be a whole number (+2½ is the average value)
 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 2

The position of an element in the periodic table can act as a guide

METALS • have positive values in compounds

• value is usually that of the Group Number Al is +3
• where there are several possibilities the
values go no higher than the Group No. Sn can be +2 or +4
Mn can be +2,+4,+6,+7

NON-METALS • mostly negative based on their usual ion Cl usually -1

• can have values up to their Group No. Cl +1 +3 +5 or +7
 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 2

The position of an element in the periodic table can act as a guide

METALS • have positive values in compounds

• value is usually that of the Group Number Al is +3
• where there are several possibilities the
values go no higher than the Group No. Sn can be +2 or +4
Mn can be +2,+4,+6,+7

NON-METALS • mostly negative based on their usual ion Cl usually -1

• can have values up to their Group No. Cl +1 +3 +5 or +7

Q.
Q. What
What is
is the
the theoretical
theoretical maximum
maximum oxidation
oxidation state
state of
of the
the following
following elements?
elements?
Na
Na PP Ba Ba PbPb S S Mn Mn CrCr
What
What will
will be
be the
the usual
usual and
and the
the maximum
maximum oxidation
oxidation state
state in
in compounds
compounds of?
of?
Li
Li Br Br SrSr O O B B N N +1+1
 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 2

The position of an element in the periodic table can act as a guide

A. What is the theoretical maximum oxidation state of the following elements?

Na P Ba Pb S Mn Cr
+1 +5 +2 +4 +6 +7 +6

What will be the usual and the maximum oxidation state in compounds of?

Li Br Sr O B N
USUAL +1 -1 +2 -2 +3 -3 or +5
MAXIMUM +1 +7 +2 +6 +3 +5
 CALEB BRITISH INT’L SCHOOL
EVALUATION: (ORAL QUESTIONS/ CLASS WORK)

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 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 2

Q. What is the oxidation state of each element in the following compounds/ions ?

CH4
PCl3
NCl3
CS2
ICl5
BrF3
PCl4+
H3PO4
NH4Cl
H2SO4
MgCO3
SOCl2
 OXIDATION STATES
CALCULATING OXIDATION STATE - 2

Q. What is the oxidation state of each element in the following compounds/ions ?

CH4 C=-4 H = +1
PCl3 P = +3 Cl = -1
NCl3 N = +3 Cl = -1
CS2 C = +4 S = -2
ICl5 I = +5 Cl = -1
BrF3 Br = +3 F = -1
PCl4+ P = +4 Cl = -1
H3PO4 P = +5 H = +1 O = -2
NH4Cl N = -3 H = +1 Cl = -1
H2SO4 S = +6 H = +1 O = -2
MgCO3 Mg = +2 C = +4 O = -2
SOCl2 S = +4 Cl = -1 O = -2
 OXIDATION STATES
THE ROLE OF OXIDATION STATE IN NAMING SPECIES

To avoid ambiguity, the oxidation state is often included in the name of a species

manganese(IV) oxide shows that Mn is in the +4 oxidation state in MnO2

sulphur(VI) oxide for SO3 S is in the +6 oxidation state

dichromate(VI) for Cr2O72- Cr is in the +6 oxidation state

phosphorus(V) chloride for PCl5 P is in the +5 oxidation state

phosphorus(III) chloride for PCl3 P is in the +3 oxidation state

Q. Name the following... PbO2

SnCl2
SbCl3
TiCl4
BrF5
 OXIDATION STATES
THE ROLE OF OXIDATION STATE IN NAMING SPECIES

To avoid ambiguity, the oxidation state is often included in the name of a species

manganese(IV) oxide shows that Mn is in the +4 oxidation state in MnO2

sulphur(VI) oxide for SO3 S is in the +6 oxidation state

dichromate(VI) for Cr2O72- Cr is in the +6 oxidation state

phosphorus(V) chloride for PCl5 P is in the +5 oxidation state

phosphorus(III) chloride for PCl3 P is in the +3 oxidation state

Q. Name the following... PbO2 lead(IV) oxide

SnCl2 tin(II) chloride
SbCl3 antimony(III) chloride
TiCl4 titanium(IV) chloride
BrF5 bromine(V) fluoride
 CALEB BRITISH INT’L SCHOOL
EVALUATION (ASSIGNMENTS): ON MS TEAMS

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 CALEB BRITISH INT’L SCHOOL.
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS (LINKS TO DOWNLOAD); REFER TO YOUR
WORK BOOK AND TEXT BOOKS

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