Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AND
OPTIMISATION
RADIO CHANNEL
Multipath propogation
Shadowing
Terrain structures
Reflections
Inerferences
PROPOGATION LOSS
Lo++log(d)
LL==Lo log(d) Losses are exponential with distance
Coupling loss
• Clutter loss factors = Lo
25 dB/dec
30 dB/dec 20 dB/dec
Path loss
40..50 dB/dec
MIXED PATH LOSS
• Path loss
Signal
level
actual
signal level
Open area curve
Urban curve
distance
DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES
=> USED TO COMBAT LOSSES
Diversity techniques are used for improving coverage. Diversity gain
depends on environment
t
• Time diversity interleaving
f
• Frequency diversity frequency hopping
• Walfish - Ikegami
Statistical model especially for urban environments
• Juul - Nyholm
Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, this model has different
equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20 km)
• Ray - tracing
Deterministic prediction tool for micro cellular environments
ANTENNA SYSTEMS
ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS
• Directional antennas
• Lobes
• main lobes
• side / back lobes
• front-to-back ratio H-plane : 65°-90° E-plane : 6°-13°
• Horizontal Separation
• needs approx. 5-15 lambda (2..4 m) separation for sufficient decoupling
and to avoid superimposing of antenna patterns
• Horizontal decoupling distance depends on antenna gain and horizontal
radiation pattern
• Vertical Separation
• needs approx. 1 lambda separation for sufficient decoupling
• good for RX / TX decoupling
ANTENNA CABLES
• Cable types
Jumper
• Coaxial cables : 1/2”, 7/8”, 1 5/8” (2
m)
• Losses approx. 10..4 dB/ 100m
power dissipiation is exponential with
cable length !!
40..70 m
• Connector losses approx. 1 dB per connection
(jumper cables etc..)
• Thick antenna cables
lower losses per length
Jumper
large bending radii (2
much more expensive m)
Keep
Keepantenna
antennacables
cablesshort
short
ANTENNA CABLES
5/8” 17 5 8
7/8” 25 4 6
1 5/8” 47 2 3
NETWORK PLANNING
OBJECTIVES OF NETWORK PLANNING
MINIMIZE
NETWORK BETTER QoS,
ELEMENTS, OBJECTIVES OF NETWORK MINIMUM
REDUCE PLANNING INTERFERENCE
COST & CALL DROPS
Final NW
topology
FACTORS GOVERNING NETWORK PLANNING
Coverage simulation
using planning tool
Signal strength
Area of coverage
Go to Create Site N
frequency cell data pre-validation
planning for BSC Cell size determination
using Tx-Rx. equipment
Site inspection
Field measurements real cellplan
Planning Site N
criteria fulfilled? accepted ?
N
CELL SIZES
• At base station
• connectors
~~3..5
3..5dB
dBlosses
losses
• cables
50..70%of
50..70% ofsignal
signalenergy
energy
• isolator isislost
lostbefore
beforeeven
even
• combiner reaching
reachingthethetransmit
transmit
antenna
antenna
• filter
• At mobile station
• body loss
• polarisation of antenna
LINK BUDGET GAIN FACTORS
• Antenna gain
• Half-power beam width
• Mechanical size
• Antenna types
• Diversity gain
• Diversity can be implemented in many ways
• Frequency hopping
• Improves average link quality, but is not typically
taken into account in link budget calculations
POWER BUDGET : DOWNLINK
Antenna
36 dBm Gain = 16 dBi
52 dBm
Feeder
loss = 4 dB Path loss = 154 dB
Rx sensitivity
Combiner -102 dBm
loss = 3 dB
Tx Power
43dBm(20W)
POWER BUDGET : UPLINK
Antenna
Gain = 16dBi Diversity
Gain = 4 dB
-101 dBm
-121 dBm
Feeder
loss = 4 dB Path loss = 154 dB
Tx Power
33 dBm
Rx Sensitivity (2W)
-105 dB
POWER CONTROL, PC
TCH 7 15 22 30 37 45 53
2:00 PM
4:00 PM
6:00 PM
8:00 PM
4:00 AM
8:00 AM
2:00 AM
6:00 AM
12:00 PM
10:00 PM
12:00 AM
10:00 AM
FLEXIBLE NETWORK EVOLUTION TO MEET
THE CAPACITY DEMAND
CAPACITY
BAND
DUAL
H
LLS)
WT
E
O R ( PICO C
INDO
G RO
ER
IB
L AR
CELLU
CR
M I CR O
BS
SU
SOFT CAPACITY ( FH + UO )
RTSL 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX-1 B f1
TRX-2 f2
B = BCCH timeslot. It does not hop
TRX-4 f4
f0
TRX-1 B f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0 f0
TRX-2
f1, f1,
f2, f2, B = BCCH timeslot. TRX1 does not hop
f3, . . . .
f3,
fn fn
TRX-3
REGULAR SUPER
BCCH
SUPER REGULAR
BCCH
REGULAR SUPER
BCCH
95 TO 100 % CALL
< 6 SEC
WITHOUT
CONGESTION
QoS BLOCKED CALL
INTERFERENCE
MARGIN 2% GRADE OF
SERVICE
CO-CHANNEL 9 dB
& ADJACENT
CHANNEL -9dB
UPLINK INTERFERENCE
QUALITY OF CALL < 3% IN BAND- 0 ( -110 TO -105 dBm).
97% OF CALL WITH IN QUALITY BAND-5
PROCESS OF NETWORK OPTIMISATION
POWER
ANTENNA TILTS CONTROL
INTERFERENCE
FREQUENCY HOPPING
REDUCTION
DISCONTINUOUS TX
FREQUENCY
REALLOCATION
A Pole Mounted BTS Site
Microwave
antennas
GSM antennas
monuted on poles
Cable tray /
ladder
Shelter
(equipment)
room
A Tower mounted BTS Site