POWER CABLE

DISTRIBUTION,SIZING AND MERGING

 Group Members

• SyedMuhammadAbbas (3321)
• Shazib Abdullah BSEE01143022
• M.Noor ul Islam BSEE01143100
• M.Saad Farooq BSEE01143096
 Power Cable
Types And Sizes
• A cable has two or more wires running side by side and
bonded, twisted, or braided together to form a single
assembly. 
• In electrical engineering cables are used to carry electric
currents. An optical cable contains one or more optical
fibers in a protective jacket that supports the fibers.
Types of power cables
• Coaxial cable 
• Communications cable
• Direct-buried cable
• Flexible cables
• Helix cable
• Non-metallic sheathed cable
• Metallic sheathed cable
• Multicore cable
• Paired cable
• Portable cord
• Ribbon cable
• Shielded cable
• Single cable
• Submersible cable
• Twinax cable
• Twin-lead 
• Twisted pair 
Coaxial cables

• It is a type of cable that has an inner conductor

surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by
a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also
have an insulating outer sheath or jacket.
• It used for radio frequency signals, for example in cable
television distribution systems.
How Coaxial Cable Works
• Coaxial cable forms a transmission line,
that is, a network with electrical effects
caused by the physical shape of the
wire.
• The fields that developed between the
parallel conductors carried the
information forward in the form of radio
waves that followed the path of the
wires.
• It is the spatial relationship between the
center conductor and the shield that
allows the coaxial cable to carry signals.
Communication cables
• Communication Cables are part of Allied Wire
and Cable's extensive stock of Data Communication
Cable. These cables are used in a wide variety of
applications, including recording studios, data
transmission, radio transmitters, intercoms, electronic
circuits
Flexible cables
• Flexible cables, or 'continuous-flex' cables,
are cables specially designed to cope with the tight
bending radii and physical stress associated with moving
applications, such as inside cable carriers.
Non metallic sheathed cables
• Nonmetallic-sheathed (plastic) is a type of covered
electrical wire consisting of at least two insulated
conductors and one bare conductor
Metallic sheathed cables
Those cables which has metal sheathed layer covered with cable
core are called metallic sheathed cables
Multi core cables
• Multicore cable is a generic term for an
electrical cable that has multiple cores made of copper
wire. The term is normally only used in relation to
a cable that has more cores than commonly encountered.
• These are used in industries
Paired cables
• Composed of two individually insulated conductors that
are usually used in DC or low-frequency AC applications
Ribbon cables
• A ribbon cable is a cable with many conducting wires
running parallel to each other on the same flat plane
• Useful when many wires are required. This type of
cable can easily flex, and It is designed to handle low-
level voltages
Shield cable
• A shielded cable is an electrical cable of one or more
insulated conductors enclosed by a common
conductive layer. The shield may be composed of
braided strands of copper (or other metal, such as
aluminium), a non-braided spiral winding of copper
tape, or a layer of conducting polymer. Used for
sensitive electronic circuits or to provide protection in
high-voltage applications
Twin axial cables
• A twin axial cable is a type of cable similar to the
common coaxial copper cable, but has two inner
conductors instead of one.
Twin lead cables
• Twin-lead cable is a two-conductor flat cable used as a
transmission line to carry radio frequency signals. It is
constructed of two multi stranded copper or copper
clad steel wires, held a precise distance apart by a
plastic ribbon.
• This type of cable is a flat two-wire line. It is commonly
called a 300 Ω line because the line has an impedance
of 300 Ω. It is often used as a transmission line
between an antenna and a receiver (e.g., TV and
radio). These cables are stranded to lower skin effects.
Twisted pair cables
• Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in
which two conductors of a single circuit
are twisted together for the purposes of
canceling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources;
for instance, electromagnetic radiation
from unshielded twisted
pair (UTP) cables, and crosstalk between
neighboring pairs ...
• Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire
that connects home and many business
computers to the telephone company.
Twisted-Pair Connectors
• The most common connector system for terminating a
twisted-pair cable is the 8-position, 8-contact (8P8C)
modular connector, also known as the Registered Jack 45
(RJ-45) connector.
Benefits of Twisted-Pair Cables

• The twisting of each pair of wires provides a

cancellation effect that helps neutralize noise and null
out interference.
• Because the signals in each wire of the pair are going
opposite directions, the interference adds to the signal
in one wire as it resists the signal in the other wire.
• The result is that in twisted-pairs, interference such as
EMI and RFI tends to be canceled out.
Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable
• STP cable has shielding around each
pair to prevent EMI and crosstalk.
Screened Twisted-Pair (ScTP)

• ScTP has only a single shield, usually foil,

that protects all the pairs of the cable.
• Each pair is not wrapped in a shield like STP.
• Since it does not have the extra shielding
around the pairs, ScTP is less expensive, has
a lighter weight, has a smaller diameter, and
is easier to ground than STP.
Multi-Pair Cables

• Telecommunications cable comes in

many sizes, starting with a single pair of
wires to 4200 pairs of wires.
• A standard color coding scheme is used
for 25 pairs of wires.
• When a cable has more than 25 pair
groups, each group is wrapped with
colored tape to form binder groups.
Exterior cables

Environmental factors that can damage a

cable during its service life are:
• Sunlight
• Extremes of hot or cold
• The pressures of direct burial
OSP Protection
Several steps can help overcome environmental
problems including the following:
• Use gel filled cables.
• Use cables with UV (ultraviolet) resistant
jackets.
• Use cables that have high molecular weight
jackets to cushion the pressure points caused
by rocks, roots, and other obstacles.
• Use cables with armoring, or special protective
coating, so that they are not easily sheared or
damaged.
 Introduction of Distribution cables
Electric power can be transmitted or distributed either by overhead
system or by underground cable. Cables are mainly designed as
per requirement. Power cables are mainly used for power
transmission and distribution purpose. It is an assembly of one or
more individually insulated electrical conductors, usually held
together with an overall sheath. The assembly is used for
transmission and distribution of electrical power. Electrical power
cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings,
buried in the ground and run overhead or exposed. Flexible power
cables are used for portable devices, mobile tools and machinery.
These are designed and manufactured as per voltage, current to
be carried, operating maximum temperature and purpose of
applications desired by customer. For mining, we give extra
mechanical strength to cable with double armouring.
• For wind power plant customers generally require
flexible and UV protected cable with mechanical tough
sheath so we design as per their requirement. The
underground cables have several advantages such as
less liable to damage through storms, lightning, low
maintenance cost, less chances of faults, smaller
voltage drop and better general appearance.
 Underground cable

Underground cable
The high-voltage underground cables used on the National Grid system can
be one of three types: direct buried, trough, or tunnel.
• Direct buried
The three conductors are buried in a trench in the ground, sometimes with
cooling pipes as well.  The picture on the left shows a direct buried cable
being installed.  Once the work is finished, the ground is reinstated and there
is no visible sign of the cable along most of its length.  The diagram on the
right shows typical dimensions.
Trough
The three conductors are closer together and contained
in a concrete trough flush with the ground surface. 
These are used in places in London along canal
towpaths and elsewhere as well.  The picture on the left
shows the trough covers of a trough installation near
Oxford and the diagram on the right gives typical
dimensions.
Tunnels
Cables can be placed in a tunnel bored for the purpose deep
beneath the ground.  This has always been a way of getting
cables under rivers but is being used more and more in urban
areas as well.  Various designs have been used, with the
conductors often bundled together, but the photo and diagram
show the arrangement typically used for new tunnels.  The fields
are low because of the greater depth
Voltage drop in Cables
• We know that all conductors and cables (except Super
conductor) have some amount of resistance.
• This resistance is directly proportional to the length and
inversely proportional to the diameter of conductor R ∝
L/a [Laws of resistance R = ρ (L/a)]
• Whenever current flows through a conductor, a voltage
drop occurs in that conductor. Generally, voltage drop
may neglect for low length conductors but in a lower
diameter and long length conductors, we cannot
neglect that voltage drops.
Industrial Installation
Of
Power Cables
 Industrial Electrification

• To increase the productivity and to avoid the accident

hazardous, factory lighting should fulfill the
following requirements.

i] It should produce sufficient illumination on the

working plane.
ii] It should provide uniform distribution of
illumination.
iii] It should avoid glare and shadows.
iv] It should be easy to clean.
 Types of Installation
 
1.General Lighting:
• Under this scheme general lighting should be provided such that there will
be uniform distribution of light over the working plane.
• In such cases, the color of walls and surroundings are selected in such a
way that it adds effectiveness to the Illumination. Generally White color is
preferred.
 
2.Local Lighting:
• There are certain locations where fairly intense illumination is required.
• To provide sufficiently more illumination for such locations, local lighting
is provided.
• Local lighting is provided by means of adjustable fittings attached to the
working plane and lamps are mounted on reflectors to avoid the glare.

3. Emergency Lighting:
• There are some applications where emergency lighting has to be provided
such as:
• Control posts , first aid centre and speedy evacuation of personnel after
main lighting circuit is off.
Electrical Installation for power circuits

• According to Electricity Rules the wiring of electrical motors

in industries is to be carried out apart from meeting local
requirements on various conditions.

• Design consideration in case of motor wiring installation is

different from that of the lighting wiring installation. In case
of lighting load, size of the conductor l wire is decided on the
total current of the load.

• But in case of motor wiring, size of the conductor should not

be less than corresponding to 300 percent of the motor full
load current. The reason is that conductor should be capable of
withstanding the starting current of the motor which is
generally 5 to 7 times the full load current. Therefore , each
motor is fed separately from the main distribution board. If
there are more than one motor on single branch circuit, then
the rating of the conductor will depend on the total load of all
motors in that circuit plus starting current of the largest H.P.
motor.
Electrical Installation of
Power Circuits
• Each motor takes a high current at the starting which may be 5 to 7
times full load current of the motor. Hence, to limit the voltage drop
in the cable as well as to limit huge starting current, a separate
starting device, called starter is used for each motor. Starter is
located after the motor switch.
• In domestic installations, single earthing is sufficient but in
workshops or factory , double earthing is necessary from the extra
safety point of view.
• The conduit used in power wiring shall be electrically continuous
throughout and connected upto the frame of the motor. The frame of
the motor shall be earthed by the owner by two separate and distinct
connections to the earth.
 Merging
Of
Power Cables
Systems Of Wiring
1. Cleat Wiring
2. Wooden casing and capping Wiring.
3. C.T.S OR T.R.S Wiring.
4. Lead sheathed or metal sheathed Wiring.
5. Conduit Wiring.
Cleat Wiring
 Cleat wiring is normally used for temporary wiring purposes.
 As a permanent system of wiring, it is not preferred in domestic
premises.
 It is quite suitable for taking a temporary connection, such as
for function, marriages, etc.
o Advantages
1. It is the cheapest system of internal wiring.
2. Its installation and dismantlement is easy and quick.
o Disadvantages
1. It is not good looking.
2. It is quite temporary and perishes quickly.
o Field of Application
1. The wiring of this type is very suitable for temporary installations in dry
places.
2. This is also accepted where appearance is not so important and cheapness is
the main consideration.
Field of Application
1. The wiring of this type is very suitable for temporary
installations in dry places.
2. This is also accepted where appearance is not so important
and cheapness is the main consideration.
Wooden Casing and Capping Wiring

• This is one of cheapest types of wiring

and is commonly used for house wiring.
• The cable used in this
type of wiring is either
V.I.R or P.V.C or any
other approved insulated
cables
o Advantages
1. Better appearance than cleat wiring.
2. Cheap in cost.
3. Easy to install and rewire.
4. Easy to inspect by opening the capping.

o Disadvantages
1. Not suitable in damp places
2. Risk of fire
3. This type of wiring can be used only on surface and cannot be
concealed in plaster.
4. Since it requires better workmanship, labour cost is more.
Field of Application

• This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage domestic

installations in dry places and where there is no risk of fire
hazard.
C.T.S or T.R.S Wiring
• This type of wiring is also used for house wiring and is quite
cheap.
• Cab tyre sheathed wire or rubber sheathed wire is normally
used as conductor for this wiring.
• The wires are run on the teak wooden battens which are fixed
on the wall or the ceiling by means of screws and wooden
pluge.
o Advantages
1. It is easy to install and repair.
2. Its life is long.
3. It is cheaper then other types of wiring except cleat wiring.
4. Conductors have strong insulation.

o Disadvantages
1. The conductors are open and liable to mechanical injury, therefore, this
type of wiring cannot be used in workshops, etc
2. Good workmanship is required to make a sound job in T.R.S wiring.
Fields of Application

1. This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage installations and

is extensively used for lighting purpose.
2. This type of wiring is suitable where acids and alkalies are
likely to be prescut.
Metal Sheathed Wiring

• This type of wiring is also adopted for low

voltage installation.
• This system is more or less similar to
C.T.S wiring except that the cable used is
different in this wiring system.
• In this system conductors used are
insulated with V.I.R and then covered with
an outer sheath of lead aluminium alloy
containing 95% lead and 5% aluminium.
o Advantages
1. Conductors are protected against mechanical injury.
2. It is suitably employed under damp situations.
3. It has longer life.
4. Conductors are protected against chemicals.

o Disadvantages
1. Cables are costlier then C.T.S or T.R.S wires.
2. In case of leakage, there is every risk of shock.
3. Skilled labour and proper supervision is required.
Fields of Application

1. This wiring system is suitable for low voltage installations. It

may be used in places exposed to sun and rain provided no
joint is exposed.
Conduit Wiring
• Conduit wiring system is the best for domestic and commercial
installations.
• It provides proper protection to the installation against fire
hazards, shock, mechanical damage and dampness.
• The cable used in this system is either V.I.R or P.V.C insulated
qand is run in mild steel or P.V.C pipes called as conduits.
o Advantages
1. Conduit provides protection against mechanical injury and
fire.
2. Conduit provide protection against chemicals.
3. The whole system is water proof.
4. Conductors are safely secured from moisture.

o Disadvantages
1. It is costly system of wiring.
2. It requires more time for erection.
3. It requires highly skilled labour.
Fields of Application

1. As this system of wiring provided protection against fire,

mechanical injury and dampness, this is the only approved
system of wiring for:
2. Damp situations
3. In workshops for lighting and motor wiring
4. Place where important documents are kept such as a record
room.