ASSESSMENT OF

MACHINING OF
BIOCOMPATIBLE
MATERIALS
Name : SHRAVAN SUDHIR KUNDER
SECTION : C
Reg No : 170909047
Roll No : 15
Introduction to biomaterials
 Biomaterials deals with properties and traits of materials having to do with biological

systems.
 Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry,
tissue engineering and materials science.

 Biomaterials and biocompatibility go hand in hand as the material

has to be compatible with the system which can otherwise cause aggravation in the

organism.
 It can be either synthesized in the lab or be manufacturing with elements of metal,
ceramics, glasses, polymers
Applications
 Heart valves – Example of a bileaflet tilting mechanical heart valve here.
 It is fabricated from elastomers, plastics, human tissues,
 fabrics etc also from pericardial cow tissue or pig tissue

Following is the image of Ti scaffold used in the skull for its

superior strength and durability.
Applications
 Properties, Materials and types of
Machining
The biomaterials must have good corrosion resistance which can otherwise
Cause complications within the organ system

They must have sufficient strength and durability to support locomotion in case
Of hip or knee joints.

BIOCOMPATIBILITY is one of the key factors required for biomaterials as they

Which would otherwise not be accepted by the organism causing issues in the
system.
 Properties, Materials and the types of
Machining
 In this case, metallic alloys such as stainless steel, titanium and its alloys,
cobalt–chromium alloys, nickel–titanium shape memory alloys, and magnesium
alloys are the most preferable biomaterials.

 Titanium and its alloys are widely used in joints replacement, spine and
trauma systems, dental implants, and pacemaker casings

 In order to alter the corrosion resistance, surface and subsurface qualities of

machined magnesium alloys are normally improved using additional finishing
processes such as electrical discharge machining (EDM), electrical chemical
machining (ECM), and deep rolling.
Burnishing Setup
 Machining parameters

 The experiment was conducted using cemented TI (C, N) Al2O3-coated carbide cutting
tools

With a holder diameter of 25mm using dry milling and down cutting.

 Cutting speeds had a variation ranging from 100-400m/min.

 The radial depth of cut was in the range of 0.5 and 1mm.
Surface roughness with different depths
of cut


It is observed that with increase in the radial depth of feed and cutting speed the
Surface roughness values increases significantly.
ANALYSIS OF CHIP DEVELOPMENT WITH
HIGH SPEED ORTHOGONAL CUTTING
Turning operation being performed on TI-6AL-4V based biomaterial with a depth
Of cut in the range of (0.1-0.25mm)

setup
ANALYSIS OF CHIP DEVELOPMENT WITH
HIGH SPEED ORTHOGONAL CUTTING
 Material being machined operated on an NC – Lathe speed carrying between
300-1200 m/min and the second ballistic setup ranged between 300-4400
m/min.

 Tool used is an uncoated carbide tip with cutting speed of 45 m/s. and depth
cut of 0.1mm and at 20m/s depth of cut was 0.25mm
 Chip formation analysis


Chip geometry under the effect of
cryogenic cooled air
Assessment of turning operation on
biocompatible Ni-Ti alloys
 NiTi shape memory alloys are extensively used in biomedical applications such as
implants.
 Due to the shape memory characteristic they can be used in the human body being very

complex they are a perfect match especially in areas such as that of the hip and knee.

 The study basically focusses on the machining parameter, tool wear. Kaynak el al.

focuses on NiTi turning were tool wear mechanisms, progressive tool wear & chip

formation are focused Upon.

Assessment of turning operation on
biocompatible Ni-Ti alloys
 The material used in the process was Ni (49.9) and Ti (50.1) which is commercially

available . The rods have been hot rolled/drawn and the recorded cutting length was

26mm.

 The cryogenic coolant being used in the process was applied at 1.5 MPa. Cutting tool

used in Process is DCGT 11T308HP, KC5410 grade with TiB2 inserts.

Tool Wear Analysis
NiTi in general is a material that is harder to machine and as a result of which tool wear

plays an important role in determining the machining performances.

Tool wear based on cutting condition is depicted by the following image.

Tool wear Analysis

With regard to the above image, it is prominent that notch wear is the primary concern and

Least wear is observed with usage of the cryogenic coolant.

However, at lower cutting speeds, Notch wear is the least evident.

Assessment of cutting forces and chip
thickness
Some studies show that cutting forces are significantly reduced upon the introduction of

a Cryogenic coolant however in this case the cutting forces are increased, and this was

observed alongside the improved workpiece hardness.

Chip development and pattern in
different cases