Chapter 4

The infection and pathogenic

mechanism of bacteria

Occurrence and development of bac

terial infection
 The infection resulted from the bacteria trans
mitted from outside of host could termed exogeno

us infection.
ek'sa:dʒənəs

Disease-causing pathogen coming from insi

de of host called endogenous infection.

Origin of infection
 (1) Patient: pathogeons transmitted from
patient or carrier to individual subject. almost huma
n disease result from this way.
(2) Carrier: person or animal with asymptomatic
infection, who can be transmitted to another
susceptible person or animal, but they bears
pathogen.
(3) Diseased or pathogen-bearing
animal:
some pathogens may spread to human from anima
ls that are usually as host of them, such as anthrax 'ænθræks.
 Endogenous infection: is designated as
those in which organisms come from inside of the
body, means the infection of normal flora in certain
conditions or opportunities.
Some pathogenic organism like tuberculosis
bacilli may survive inside body despite symptoms
disappeared. The infections are often condition
imjunəu'kəmprəmis
dependent, such immunocompromised status is
a critical factor. Immune defence declines, eg.
baby and infant, later cancer,AIDS, endogenous
infections are predisposed.
 Mode of infection

Horizontal
ˌhɔriˈzɔntəl
transmission
(zoonosis)
Human human
animal
Vertical transmission
mother offspring
placenta plə'sentə 胎盘
birth canal b
bə:θ kəˈnæl 产道
reast milk
母乳
The route of infection
1. respiratory tract Mycoplasma
ˈrespərəˌtɔ:ri: trækt pneumoniae
2. digestive hepatitis E virus
tract
3. damaged skin or mucous ˈmjukəs

membranes streptococcus, gas gangrene,

tetanus
4. blood 'gæŋgri:n
hepatitis B/c VIR
US
5. arthropod vector Malaria Dengue fever
ˈɑ:θrəpɔd 节肢动物媒介 , Sexually Transmited
məˈleəriə Disease
6. contact: sex contact
 The type and out
come of infection
Ⅰ. inapparent infection:
The virulence of invading pathogens is weak,
and quantity is less, the immune function is
normal, Bacterial infection does not cause
major harm to body, no apparent symptoms.

Ⅱ. Apparent infection:
Strong,  too many pathogens, and low
immunity, and cause pathological damage and
clinical symptoms.
Ⅲ. whole body infection
Also called Systemic infection, or generalized
infection. Microbial infection was widespread, and
tissue damage is also great.
local or limited infection. A small degree of
infection

Ⅳ. carrier state
No disease symptoms and signs, but
laboratory examination can detect
pathogen or its metabolites in the
body than the normal state.
 apparent infection
Differences in the degree of
infection Site and extent of diffusion
acute infection c
hronic infection local infection
局部感染
systemic infection
* acute infection ： burst, short time- bat sisˈtemik inˈfekʃən 全身感染
erial pneumonia （ Pathogen elimi
nate ）
仃疮 furuncle 'fjurʌŋkəl

* chronic infection ： occur slowly, long

time -Tuberculosis （ no eliminat
面疱
carbuncleˈka:bʌŋkəl
e）
bæktə'rɪmɪə 菌血症 bacteremia
tɒk'si:mɪə 毒血症 toxemia
ˌseptɪ'si:mɪə 败血症 septicemia
paɪ'i:mɪr 脓毒症 pyemia 仃疮 面疱
 whole body infection
*** Several important concepts ：
tɒk'si:mɪə 毒血症 Diphtheria difˈθiriə 白喉

toxemia: is the presence of exotoxin in the blood.

pyemia: is caused by purulent microorganisms in
ˈpjʊrələnt 化脓性的
Staphylococcus 金黄色葡萄球菌
paɪ'i:mɪr 脓毒血症
the blood.
endotoxemia: is the presence of endotoxin in the
endəʊ'tɒksɪ'mɪə
内毒素血症

ˌseptɪ'si:mɪə 败血症 / 病
blood （ . gran negative bacteria ）

septicemia: illness that occurs when poisonous

substances (toxins) produced by certain
bacteria enter the bloodstream.
bæktə'rɪmɪr 菌血症
bacteremia: is an invasion of the bloodstream by
bacteria. Neisseria meningitidis 脑膜炎奈瑟菌
Bacterial Pathogenesis
Mechanism
concepts:
virulence:
refers to extent of pathogenicity.
median lethal dose(LD50):
The number of pathogens requ
ired to lethal disease i of th exposed
caus
e n half e
host is called an LD50
s median
. infective dose(ID50):
The number of pathogens requ
ired to cause disease (or, at least, in
fection) in half of the exposed hosts i
 Surface structure

Invasiveness
reproduction an
d spread in side Invasive substance
body
Virulence
degree of exotoxin
pathogenicity
toxin
endotoxin
(1) Invasiveness ：

The ability of bacterium to resist host defence, colonize, mul

tiply and spread. It is one of important properties or

virulence of pathogenic bacteria.

1.adherence
------ Associated with the cell surface structure

① bacteria to host cell:

pili
capsule
colonization factor
② bacteria to bacteria:
microcolony
biofilm
common pili
common pili
capsule
荚膜
Flagella
 2.Penetration and spread
穿透
capsule
invasive enzyme --- exoenzyme
coagulase--- S. aureus fibrinogen→fibri
n → surround bacteria
faɪ'brɪnədʒən

hyaluronidase
ˌhaɪəlʊ'rɒnɪˌdeɪs 透明质酸酶
(spreading factor)
hydrolyze hyaluronic acid tissue loose, B. spreads
streptokinase. SK ----Lyse fibrin ..
ˌstreptoʊ'kaɪˌneɪs 链激酶

treptodornase, SD---resolve DNA.

链道酶 , 去 DNA 酶

microcolony and biofilm

(II). toxin
1.exotoxin ：
※ excreted by living cells, G+ bacteria
※ polypeptide
※ Heat-unstable, 60°C, 1-2hr destroy
※ Strong antigenicity ， exotoxin → toxoid
※ highly toxic
neurotoxin
※ high selection for tissues cytotoxin en
terotoxin
※structure : A subunit-B subunit
 exotoxin
subunit A ： toxicity
active
subunit B: non-toxicity , bind receptor of
sensitive cell

AA A
--B-BB t tooo xxxi n
iinn ss
s
C eC e llll ss uu rr ff aa cc ee Cel l s u r f a c
Act i v e
A cA c ttiivv ee
Bin d i n g e
B iBinn dd iinn gg

A B
AA BB
exotoxin
neurotoxin ： tetanospasm
spinal cord
in 脊髓
tetənoʊ'spæzmɪn 破伤风毒素

cytotoxin: diphtherotoxin
dɪfðə'rəʊtɒksɪn 白喉毒素
inhibit
cell protein synthesis

enterotoxin: cholera toxin

肠毒素 ˈkɒlərə 霍乱毒素
A severe case of tetanus .( 破伤风 )mu
scles, back and legs are rigid muscl
e spasms can break bones can be fa
tal (e.g respiratory falure)
Clostridium tetani
Nerve impulse

Cut off nerve conduction

flexor

extensor

_ ûH .. 气 ..
飞 一

motor neuron Inhibitory interneurons Excitement

 Inorganic ions are discharged from cells 

ə'denɪleɪt
 dɪfˈθɪəriə 白喉
This child has diphtheria resulting in a thick gray coating
over back of throat. This coating can eventually expand down throu
gh airway, and if not treated, the child could die from suffocation
ˌsʌfə'keɪʃn 窒息
2. endotoxin
◎ integral part of G- bacteria cell wall.
release after bacteria disintegration
◎ LPS, main toxic part: Lipid A
◎ heat-stable: 160℃ 2-4hr
◎ can’t converted into toxoid 'tɒkˌsɔɪd 类毒素
◎ weakly toxic
◎ non-specificity
All endotoxins produce the same symptoms.

① fever ② WBC reaction ③ endotoxemia and sho

ck
④ Shwartzman and DIC
 polysaccharid
内
e
毒 Administrator

素
2014-09-08 13:51:22
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---------------
lipide A
结 lipide
A

构
peptidoglycan
示 peptɪdəu'glaɪkæn
意
图