BACTERIA

&
DISEASE
Prepared by:
Paul Michael B. Antique, MSN, RN
 Prayer
• Heavenly Father and Your Beloved Son
Jesus Christ, Thank you for another life
to enjoy, another day to learn, and a
new set of things we will experience.
As we go through our lessons today,
may let us be instruments to do good
things. Help us be obedient, honest,
and kind to one another
Infection vs disease
 Def. of terms
• DISEASE = abnormal state in which part or
all the body is not properly adjusted or is
unable to carry out usual functions; any
deviation from one’s current condition of
health; result of undesirable relationship bet
host & pathogen. Marked by interruption in
the normal functioning of the body or its part

• INFECTION = pathogenic microorganisms

invading the body.
 Def. of terms
• SYMBIOSIS = relation between the
indigenous flora and the host.

• COMMENSALISM = a type of symbiosis in

which one organism benefits from the other
without harming it
 Def. of terms
• MUTUALISM = form of symbiosis in which
both organisms benefit from the relationship

• PARASITISM = a connection in which one

organism benefit from another while also
harming it
 Def. of terms
• PATHOGEN = an organism that invades
and causes damage or injury to the host

• PATHOGENECITY = refers to an
organism’s ability to cause disease
Pollution vs Contamination
Picture A Picture B

Pollution Contamination
Contamination vs Pollution
 Def. of terms
• POLLUTION = refers to presence of
undesirable substance in water, air or soil.

• CONTAMINATION = presence of
organisms outside the body, water, food &
other biological substances
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
OCCURRENCE OF INFECTION
 1. PORTAL OF ENTRY-
Organisms may fail to produce the
disease when introduced into the
body by some other route/pathway

** streptococci---
cellulitis - skin;
no effect - swallowed;
pneumonia - lungs
• GIT – Hepa, • Deposited in
cholera tissues underneath
skin/m.m
• Genitourinary – • Punctures,
STD injections, bites,
surgery
Mucous PARENTERAL
membrane ROUTE
 2. VIRULENCE OF m.o.---ability of the
m.o. to produce disease by overcoming the
defensive powers of host;

Capsule, chem. Substance in

cell wall– evades phagocytosis

- WHEN FRESHLY
DISCHARGED

Rabies – near CNS

3. NUMBER OF MICROBES-
--abundant
--small number of m.o.

*Microbial Growth – refers to an increase in

number of cells rather than an increase in
cell size; likelihood of disease increases as
number of pathogens increase.
4. Defensive powers of the
host

• Antibacterial factors that destroy or

inhibit growth of m.o.
• Refers to the body’s immune system,
such as the first line of defense
Picture A Picture B
5. Most pathogen must attach to
specific receptors for
multiplication & damage
 6. Microflora of the site
• Microbial antagonism – one microbe or
group of microbes wards off another
7. Overall nutritional & health
status

Picture A Picture B
8.Person’s immunity in a
particular disease

Picture A Picture B
9. Ability of WBC to do
phagocytic action
 STAGES OF
INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 INCUBATION PERIOD
• Refers to the time interval bet. Entry of
m.o. & the 1st appearance of s/sx

Rabies – 9 days- to 3 weeks – 7 yrs

Chickenpox - 10 to 21 days
Sore eyes – 5 to 10 days
E. Coli infection - 1 to 10 days
Hepa B - 1.5 months to 6 months
Common Cold – 24 hr to 72 hrs.
 Prodromal period
• Mild symptoms of a disease w/c are
non specific (fever, cough, colds,
malaise)
 PERIOD OF ILLNESS
• Period of maximal invasion. The
disease is most acute during this
period.

• FULMINANT INFECTION – When the

disease is not successfully overcome,
patient may die in a short period of
time.
• Carrier state – patient does not show
s/sx but still continues to shed
infecting m.o
 PERIOD OF DECLINE
• Peroid of defervescence – s/sx starts to subside.
Patient may become vulnerable to secondary
infections; # of pathogen begins to decline

PERIOD OF CONVALESCENCE
• Patient regains strength, body returns to its pre-diseased
normal condition
• may leave permanent disability…ex: leprosy, poliomylitis
HOW ORGANISM
PRODUCE DISEASE
HOW ORGANISM PRODUCE DISEASE

A. MECHANICAL

• Organisms directly
damage tissues or
surface..ex Leprosy /
warts
HOW ORGANISM PRODUCE DISEASE

B. CHEMICAL

• 1. COAGULASE – coagulates
fibrinogen of blood; bacteria forms a
fibrin clot around themselves, protecting
themselves from host immune system

• mostly in gram (+) bacteria

HOW ORGANISM PRODUCE DISEASE

B. CHEMICAL
• 2. LEUKOCIDINS – destroys
WBC; (escapes phagocytosis);
disruption of phagocytosis which
promotes survival in mouse
models of infection.
HOW ORGANISM PRODUCE DISEASE

C. TOXIN – poison
(2 types of toxins:
Exotoxin & endotoxin)
EXOTOXIN = inside gram (+) bacteria
as
= metabolic product of growing cell
Exotoxins are toxic substances
secreted by bacteria and released
outside the cell.
 EFFECT ON THE BODY

Ex.Diphtheria, botulism ,tetanus

GR (+)
Exotoxin
Affects cell functions; NERVES, GIT;
No occurrence of fever
3 TYPES OF EXOTOXIN:(gr +)
(1) neurotoxin – interferes in
nerve impulse transmission
(2) enterotoxin – affects cell
lining of GIT
(3) cytotoxin – kills host cells,
affect their function
ENDOTOXIN = outer
membrane of Gram(-)
= in outer membrane of cell wall
(lipopolysaccharide)
 EFFECT ON THE BODY

ex. Meningococcal, meningitis, UTI,

GR (-)
Endotoxin
Fever, weakness, aches, shock
HOW ORGANISM PRODUCE DISEASE

D. IMMUNOLOGIC

• Consequence of the immune

response of the host to the
m.o.
• Ex. Damage to liver – Hepatitis
• complement
COMPLEMENT

• a system of plasma proteins that

can be activated directly by
pathogens or indirectly by
pathogen-bound antibody, leading
to a cascade of reactions that
occurs on the surface of pathogens
and generates active components
with various effector functions.
FUNCTIONS OF
COMPLEMENT
• (1) the activation of
inflammation;
• (2) the opsonization (labeling)
of pathogens and cells for
clearance/destruction;
• (3) the direct killing of target
cells/microbes by lysis.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
INFECTION based on the manner
causative agent reaches the host
• A. COMMUNICABLE---if the causative agent
is directly or indirectly transmitted from
host to host
ex. diphtheria / tuberculosis
Rabies
• B. NON-COMMUNICABLE-

Disease is not spread from

one person to another
• B. NON-COMMUNICABLE-
--(1)agent normally inhabits the body;

(2) produces the disease only when

introduced into the body
ex. tetanus---not communicable but
infectious
 What are the 10 common
noncommunicable diseases?
• Cancer.
• Diabetes.
• Heart disease.
• Chronic lung disease.
• Alzheimer's Disease.
• Hypertension.
• Asthma.
• Mental health ailments.
CONTAGIOUS FULMINATING
DISEASE INFECTION
• Disease is • Infection
rapidly / that results
easily to death
transferred over a short
period of
time
 CLASSIFICATION of infection BASED
ON THE SOURCE OF M.O.

EXOGENOUS ENDOGENOUS
Infection Infection
• from outside the • From inside the body
body • (already present
• exogenous, or those
/dormant)
that originate outside
the body
 Other terms....

SPECIFIC INFECTION NON-SPECIFIC

• Disease is caused by
microorganism that is known
• Ex: Hepa B infection is caused
Hepa B virus only
INFECTION
• Disease is caused by several
microorganism
• ex. UTI, flu-like infection
OCCURRENCE OF A DISEASE
INCIDENCE OF A DISEASE

Refers to the number of

person in a population
who acquired the disease
at a particular point of time
PREVALENCE OF A DISEASE

The proportion of a population

who have a specific characteristic
in a given time period,
regardless of when they first
developed the characteristic.
 INCIDENCE PREVALENCE
RATE RATE
• # of new • # of new & old
cases cases
Classification based on OCCURENCE

ENDEMIC PANDEMIC
Constantly
present in Present
a particular worldwide
place
Classification based on OCCURENCE

SPORADIC EPIDEMIC
Rapid spread of
infectious disease
Occurs to a large # of
occasionally people in a given
pop. w/in a short
period of time.
 Other terms...

BACTEREMIA

• Presence of bacteria in blood

SEPTICEMIA

• Presence of actively multiplying

bacteria in the blood
 Other terms...
PYEMIA

• Presence of pus-producing bacteria in the

bloodstream

TOXEMIA

• Presence of TOXIN in blood

VIREMIA

• Presence of VIRUS in the blood

 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DURATION OF
DISEASE

ACUTE CHRONIC LATENT

• Occurs • Occurs • m.o.
rapidly only slowly; Remains
for a short occurs for a inactive for a
period of long period long time but
time of time can become
active again
 According to extent of host
involvement

LOCAL INFECTION
Invading m.o.
are limited to a
ex. boils
relatively small
area of the body
 According to extent of host
involvement

FOCAL INFECTION
An infection localized in a specific part of the
body that may spread to another part of the body
via blood or lymphatic vessel

Ex. Teeth, tonsils or sinuses

 According to extent of host
involvement

SYSTEMIC or
GENERALIZED INFECTION
Invading m.o. or
their products are
spread throughout ex. influenza
the body by blood or
lymph
 According to extent of host
involvement

PRIMARY SECONDARY
INFECTION
INFECTION
• An acute infection • Infection w/c is caused
by opportunistic
that causes the pathogens after
initial illness primary infection has
weakened the body’s
defense
 According to extent of host
involvement
SUBCLINICAL INFECTION /
INAPPARENT INFECTION
Infection does not cause
any noticeable illness

Ex. Hepatitis
PREDISPOSING FACTORS
- makes the body more
susceptible to the development of
a particular disease.

Ex. Gender – UTI

Genetics
Other predisposing factors
Geographical
location
Nutritional
status

Age

Lifestyle

Habits
Other predisposing factors
Occupation

Presence of
pre-existing
dse.
Intake of meds
that affect the
immune system

Emotional
disturbances
RESERVIOR OF INFECTION
continual source of dse-producing m.o.

Living
Non –
Ex. living
Animal
• Eg. soil
humans
 ROUTES OF TRANSMISSION

1. CONTACT
DIRECT INDIRECT DROPLET
• Person to • From
person Reservoir to • Spread in
susceptible droplet
host nuclei.
Travels <1
meter

TRANSMISSION- the pathway of causative agents

from a source to infection of a susceptible host.
2. Vehicle transmission – transmission of
organism through media such as food,
water, air
a. FOOD-BORNE

• Pathogens are transmitted

through ingestion of food that
improperly cooked, prepared,
poorly refrigerated, unsanitary
conditioned
• ex. Food poisoning, AGE
b. AIR-BORNE

• Refers to spread of
pathogens by droplet nuclei
in dust that travels> 1 meter
from Reservoir to the host
(ex. Measles, TB)
c. WATER – BORNE

• Pathogen is spread
through contaminated
water (ex. cholera)
 3. Vectors – are animals that carry m.o. fr.
One host to another
• Insects (arthropods) – most important
group of vectors
• a. Mechanical transmission – refers to
passive transport of organism on insect’s
feet or other parts.
• b. Biological transmission – active
transport of organism. Microorganism
enters the insect vector after the insect
bites an infected person
 ACTIVITY
• IN YOUR MICRO-PARA BOOK
• Pls answer page 149 – 150 questions
 Happy Birthday
MA. MARA EUNICE BAUTISTA