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AFGHANISTAN CRISIS

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2 OBJECTIVES:
 To review history of Pak-Afghanistan relations.

 To point out US violence on Afghanistan.

 To outline Pakistan Support towards Afghanistan and challenges to Pakistan Foreign

Policy due to Afghan relations.

 To overview An Agreement named Geneva Accord for bringing peace

 Impacts of Afghanistan crisis on Pakistan

 Conclusion

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 HISTORY OF PAK-AFGHANISTAN
3 RELATIONS:

 Afghanistan has always been a tough neighbor to Pakistan from beginning.

 Major issue between these two states was the Durand Line.

 The 2,640-kilometer boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan is the Durand Line. It is the outcome
of an agreement between the Secretary of the British Indian Government, Sir Mortimer Durand, and
the Emir, or king, Abdur Rahman Khan of Afghanistan.

 Pakistan's foreign policy towards Afghanistan provided the basis for tackling the bilateral issues and
crisis that had strained ties between the two states.

 The Durand Line issue was resolved, but the assassination of President Daud in Afghanistan as well as
the military coup in Pakistan by General Zia-ul-Haq delayed progress in that regard for some time.
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5 SOVIET INVASION:

 Historically, Afghanistan was largely a turbulent region.

 Soviet invasion of the state in 1979 which took place to support the regime in Afghanistan
at that time, initiated a new wave violence towards Afghanistan which lead to civil wars.

 The Soviet Union sent thousands of troops into Afghanistan at the end of December 1979
and immediately assumed full military and political power over Kabul and large portions
of the region.

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PAKISTAN AID:

 Pakistan, along with some of the Arab states, continued its support towards Afghanistan for
creating peace in that region.

 Pakistan also acts as the main logistics line for the NATO forces in Afghanistan.

 Over 80 percent of the supplies coalition forces rely on to survive arrive through Pakistan
from the port of Karachi.

 Afghanistan was known to Pakistan as 'strategic depth' against any potential aggression
from the western borders.

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TALIBAN MOVEMENT:

 In the mid-90s, the Taliban movement emerged.

 After their repeated refusal to unconditionally hand over Osama Bin Laden to the US, the
US agreed to launch a war against Afghanistan's Taliban regime.
 The War on Terror took place in October 2001.
 Afghanistan has been targeted by the United States and NATO forces.
 It has resulted in dramatic reactions in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.
 There was a withdrawal of NATO forces from Afghanistan.

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CHALLENGES TO PAK-FOREIGN POLICY:

 Issue of Afghan refugees: The huge inflow of the Afghan refugee population to Pakistan has
been one of the significant consequences of the Afghan conflict since the 1970s, resulting in a
number of demographic and security problems for Pakistani society in subsequent years.

 security challenges: Afghan authorities have blamed the ISI, Pakistan's intelligence agency,
for financing warlords and the Taliban, and for setting up terrorist camps to threaten
Afghanistan within Pakistani territory.

 Cross border Attacks: suffering of Pakistan has increased due to the bad security situation in
Afghanistan as a result of failures in the War on Terror, since border attacks attacks and other
terrorist activities have increased in Pakistan.

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US AID:
 The bulk of the assistance has come from the United States since the beginning of the war in
Afghanistan through the Coalition Support Fund, which can reimburses Pakistan for
counterterrorism operations.

 Washington acted strangely and announced an offer of 400 Million$ for Pakistan economic
and Military assistance over 18 months.
 It was a big support to Pakistan Defense mechanism but, President
Zia announced the rejection of offer and called it as ” peanuts”.

 Non acceptance of US offer reduced the risk of getting involved Pakistan into the Cold War.

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12 CRITICISM:

 Later, Pakistan and Afghanistan were seen through various lenses about the US and its
allies.

 Pakistan faces various challenges in overcoming Taliban issue and aim to be criticized by
America and India.

 Pakistan's leadership has been criticized by Afghanistan and the US for putting less effort
into anti-terrorist acts and operations since the start of the War on Terror, while Pakistan
has faced significant political instability internally because of its anti-terrorist operations.

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13 CON….
 India has also accused Pakistan of having Kashmir involvement, Urri attack, terrorist
attacks in Mumbai, and Indian attacks by Parliament over various periods of time.

 In that sense, Indian investment in the growth and training of Afghan security officials in
Afghanistan's infrastructure and its use of soft power in Afghanistan intensifies Pakistan's
insecurities, and Pakistan interprets such actions as the Indian policy of the encirclement.

 The criticism lead to severe political instabilities and weakens Foreign Policy of Pakistan.

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GENEVA ACCORDS:

 Representatives of the governments of Pakistan and Afghanistan signed three bilateral

agreements in Geneva on April 14, 1988 , aimed at ending the war in Afghanistan.

 A disastrous scenario came to an end this year, causing a great deal of bloodshed and
violence in Afghanistan and threatening Pakistan's stability.

 The United States and the Soviet Union signed an additional "Declaration on
International Guarantees" as state-guarantors.

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15 CON….

 The timeline was set for the withdrawal of forces from Afghanistan which was nine
months in which 50 percent of the forces had to withdraw within three months.

 Afghan resistance groups have not participated in or approved the agreement that, after
the departure of Soviet troops, had a severe effect on Afghanistan.

 Najibullah could not cope with the deteriorating situation in Afghanistan after the Soviet
withdrawn.

 This agreement was a great victory for Afghanistan but its also exerts some issues in the
region.

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IMPORTANCE OF GENEVA ACCORDS:

 One of the three bilateral agreements was also signed by Secretary of State George Shultz and Soviet Foreign
Minister Eduard Shevardnadze as witnesses.

 These agreements , known collectively as the Geneva Accords, have been used as the key to the Soviet
withdrawal from Afghanistan and the resolution of the conflict that has been at the forefront of the world since
the December 1979 Soviet invasion.

 In changing the political situation of the world, the Geneva Accord plays a very significant role. It is clear that,
owing to the Geneva agreement, Pakistan's international reputation has increased and has become an important
mediator in world affairs.

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SCENARIO OF GENEVA ACCORDS(1988)

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18 AFGHAN CRISIS AND ITS IMPACTS ON
PAKISTAN:
 The unrest in Afghanistan is affecting Pakistan as well. Pakistan has been affected very badly because
of conflicts, and the intervention of world and regional forces.

 Afghanistan crisis cause significant harm to Pakistan's economy.

 Approximately 3 million people have arrived in Pakistan from Afghanistan that was a big obstacle
for a developing nation with a weak economy.

 The rise of violent extremism and increased terrorism in Pakistan due to instability in Afghanistan
has also been responsible for widespread human suffering due to indiscriminate border attacks
against the civilian population.

 Extreme crimes emerged on Cross borders lead towards bad reputation of Pakistan.

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CONCLUSION:
 The foreign policy of Pakistan towards Afghanistan has been very complex.

 In order to resolve all aspects of the Pakistan-Afghanistan regional security complex,

Pakistan has developed and implemented various strategies.
 Management of the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and At the national and
regional level, as well as at the level of peace-building played Significant role.

 Promote the peace building of the Afghan government.

 The War on Terror has continued for over a decade in Afghanistan.

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 THANK YOU

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