Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PPT-045-01 1
Program Purpose
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Main Topics
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Hazardous Atmospheres
Residential
• CO (carbon monoxide)
• Gas leaks into buildings
• Radon
• Intruding emissions from
adjacent properties
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Hazardous Atmospheres
Industrial
•Process areas
•Storage locations
•Gas leaks
•Flammable liquid spills
•Drums and containers
•Special activities
•Hazardous material events
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Municipal Operations
• Water treatment
plants
• Sewer plant
operations
• Valve pit work
• Garage work
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Specific Field Work
• Confined space
• Trenching and shoring
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Environmental Issues
• Clean air
determinations
• Emissions control
• Waste sites
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Emergency Response
• Industrial rescue or
hazardous materials
response
• Emergency services
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Hazardous Atmospheres
• Special types of
atmospheres
• Carbon monoxide
• LGP/LNG
• Radon
• Hydrogen sulfide
• Carbon dioxide
• Specialty gases
• Radiological concerns
• Other potential hazards
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Basic Air Monitoring
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Chemical & Physical Properties
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Vapor Density
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Flashpoint Temperature
Fl.P.: Flashpoint
• The lowest temperature
at which vapors are
produced by a liquid that,
when ignited, will flash
• No continued combustion
at this temperature
• Sustained burning is at the
fire point (temperature
above the flashpoint
temperature)
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IP
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Hazard Characteristics
• Vapor density
• Flammable limits
• Health hazards
• Exposure limits
• Signs and symptoms of
exposure
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RGasD
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Gas/Vapor Behavior
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LEL/UEL
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UEL/LEL
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Respirator
• NIOSH Respirator
recommendations assist
in determining the level
of needed respiratory
protection depending
upon the PPM (Mg/M3) for
a material
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Asphyxiation Hazards
• Simple Asphyxiants:
Displace breathable oxygen in
an area (example: carbon
dioxide)
• Chemical Asphyxiants:
Bond with red blood cells and
restrict the body’s ability to
metabolize oxygen
(examples: carbon monoxide
and hydrogen cyanide)
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Some Gas Particulars
IDLH IP
Gas LEL% (10%LEL) PPM % in eV
Carbon
Monoxide 12.5 1.25 1,500 .15 13.98
Hydrogen
Cyanide 5.6 . 56 50 .005 13.6
Hydrogen
Sulfide 4.3 .43 300 .03 10.46
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Carbon Monoxide
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LPG/LNG
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Hydrogen Sulfide
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Carbon Dioxide
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Carbon Dioxide
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Other Potential Hazards
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Specialty Gases
Specialty Gases
• Boron trichloride
• Diborane
• Phosphine
• Silane
Radiological Hazards
• Radon
• Industrial events
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Action Levels
• Assigned by policy
• When a given level is
read, personnel are
warned to take action or
to leave the area
• 29 CFR 1910.146 for
confined spaces. 10
percent LEL: permit
revocation
• Determine action levels
for gases/vapors you
may encounter
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Resources
• NFPA standards
(National Fire Protection
Association)
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Resources
Technical manuals:
Sax’s “Dangerous
Properties of Industrial
Materials”
Emergency guides:
“Emergency Response
Guidebook”
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NIOSH Information Categories
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NIOSH Categories
• Incompatibilities and
reactivities
• Exposure routes,
symptoms, target
organs
• First aid
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Propane as an Example
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Propane as an Example
• Physical Description
• MW (Molecular Weight): 44.1 (44.1/29=1.52 vapor
density)
• Fl.P (Flashpoint): NA (Not applicable due to being
a gas)
• IP (Ionization Potential): 11.07 eV. A
photoionization detector could be used to detect
propane as long as the lamp used has an
ionization energy greater than the IP of the
material
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Propane
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Propane
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Detectors
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Dosimeters
• Passive Monitors
Permeation of gases
through a membrane
onto a collection medium
• Film Badge
Desorbed with carbon
disulfide
Analyzed by gas
chromatograph
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Tubes
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Tubes and Pumps
• Specific number of
pump strokes required
for precise reading if
using a manual pump
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Solid State Sensors
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Combustible Gas Indicators
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Single Gas
• Sensor is gas-specific
• Electro-chemical principle
• Chemical specificity is due
to electrodes and
electrolytes used
• “Ticker” used by gas
companies specific to their
product
• Note sensing head
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Multiple Gas
• Oxygen content
• Percent LEL
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen sulfide
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Multiple Gas
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Multiple Gas
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Multiple Gas
• Pump brings in a
measured volume of air to
be tested With Pump:
• More exact than hand Drawn
sample is
pump more exact
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Photoionization Detector
• Personal dosimeters
-Self-readers
-Dosimeters
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Radiological
• Radiation causes
ionization in the
detecting media
• Ions produced are
counted electronically
• Relationship
established between
number of ionizing
events and quantity
of radiation present
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Radiological
Detector Detects
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Other Detection Means
• Then subjected to
Gas Chromatograph
sophisticated equipment (e.g.,
gas chromatographs and
spectrophotometers)
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Detector Safety
• Explosion proof:
allows entrance of
flammable gases but
is built to contain an
explosion
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Calibration
• Why calibrate?
• “The calibration check is
the only way to
determine the meter is
working properly.”
• Some calibration gases:
-Methane
-Pentane
-Hexane
• Check user’s manual
Carol J. Maslansky & Steven P. Maslansky, “Air Monitoring
Instrumentation,” Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, page 73
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Calibration
• Calibrate detector on a
scheduled basis and before
use to ensure readiness
• Calibration gas can contain
various PPM of selected
gases for a single
connection and calibration
of multiple heads
• Calibration assures detector
will function within
necessary parameters for
accurate readings
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Calibration
• Dosimeter
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Calibration Means
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Match Detector to Hazard
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Detector Heads
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Capabilities and Limitations
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Minimum Response Time
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Conversion Factors
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Conversion Factors
Cold Burning
Gas
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Conversion Factor
Hot Burning
Gas: CF <1.0
Cold Burning
Gas:
CF >1.0
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Conversion Factor: Example
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Reading
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Reading
• Another example:
The exposure limit for a gas
should not exceed 125 PPM
The correction factor for the True Meter Reading
gas reading is .9 (125 PPM)
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Field Monitoring
• Determine zones
• Hot, warm, cold zones
• Downwind hazard areas
• Conduct hazard & risk
assessment
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Hazard and Risk Assessment
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Field Monitoring
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Field Monitoring
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Detector Selection
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Detector Selection
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Detector Selection
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Detector Selection
• Maintain equipment in
accordance with
manufacturer’s
recommendations
• If in doubt regarding
maintenance and
calibration, consider
contracting with the vendor
to perform these services
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Detection Sequence
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Sewer Entry
• The oxygen
sensor/broad-range
sensor best suited for
initial use in situations
where actual or potential
contaminants have not
been identified
• Substance-specific
instruments may then be
used when hazard is
identified
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Work a Situation
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Remember
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Bibliography
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Questions
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