Grinding Machine &

Engine Lathe Processes

Group 1
 Grinding Machine Processes

01 02 03
WHAT IS WHAT ARE THE I WANT TO
GRINDING TYPES AND KNOW ITS
MACHINE? PARTS OF WORKING
GRINDING PRINCIPLES.
MACHINE?
 WHAT IS GRINDING MACHINE?

A GRINDING MACHINE OR GRINDER IS AN

INDUSTRIAL POWER TOOL THAT USES AN ABRASIVE
WHEEL FOR CUTTING OR REMOVING THE MATERIAL. IT
IS A PROCESS OF METAL CUTTING BY USING A ROTATING
ABRASIVE WHEEL FROM THE SURFACE OF THE
WORKPIECE. GENERALLY, THE GRINDING IS FINISHING
OPERATION TO SHOW THE HIGH SURFACE QUALITY,
ACCURACY OF THE SHAPE AND DIMENSION. GRINDING
MACHINE OPERATION IS ALSO CARRIED OUT FOR
MACHINING TOO HARD MATERIAL.
 WHAT ARE THE TYPES AND PARTS OF
GRINDING MACHINE?
ROUGH GRINDERS: PRECISION GRINDERS:
• FLOOR OR BENCH • SURFACE GRINDERS
GRINDERS • CYLINDRICAL GRINDERS
(PLAIN, UNIVERSAL, AND
• PORTABLE GRINDERS CENTERLESS GRINDERS)
• ABRASIVE BELT • TOOL AND CUTTER
GRINDERS GRINDERS
• INTERNAL GRINDERS
• SWING FRAME (CHUCKING, PLANETARY,
GRINDERS AND CENTERLESS
GRINDERS)
• SPECIAL GRINDING
MACHINE
 FLOOR OR BENCH GRINDERS
FLOOR OR BENCH GRINDER IS A SMALL TYPE OF
MACHINE USED IN THE LABS WHERE A SMALL
WORKPIECE HAS TO GRIND. FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN WE
MANUFACTURE A SINGLE-POINT CUTTING TOOL FOR A
LATHE MACHINE WE USE TO MANUFACTURE BY
FLOOR OR BENCH GRINDER.
 PORTABLE GRINDERS
AS THE NAME INDICATES PORTABLE THAT MEANS
IT IS NOT FIXED AT ONE POINT. THE PORTABLE
GRINDER IS USED FOR CUTTING TILES.
 ABRASIVE BELT GRINDERS
THE ABRASIVE GRINDER IS A SIMILAR TYPE OF
THESE GRINDERS BUT THE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS HERE
ABRASIVE IS USED WHILE CUTTING AND FINISHING
THE JOB. THIS IS MORE COSTLY THAN THE FLOOR AND
PORTABLE GRINDER.
 SWING FRAME GRINDERS
THE SWING FRAME GRINDER IS A COMPLICATED
TYPE GRINDER MACHINE AND IT IS USED FOR THE
HEAVY WORKPIECE.
 SURFACE GRINDER
A SURFACE GRINDER CONSISTS OF AN ABRASIVE
WHEEL, A CHUCK (A WORKPIECE HOLDING DEVICE),
AND A ROTARY TABLE. THE CHUCK IS USED TO HOLD
THE MATERIAL IN PLACE WHILE THE WHEEL AND
OBJECT ARE ROTATED TO PRODUCE A SMOOTH
FINISH.
 CYLINDRICAL GRINDERS
A CYLINDRICAL GRINDER IS USED FOR
SHAPING THE OUTSIDE OF A WORKPIECE.
THESE MACHINES ACCEPT WORKPIECES IN A
VARIETY OF SHAPES AS LONG AS THEY CAN
BE ROTATED THROUGH A CENTRAL AXIS. IN
A CYLINDRICAL GRINDER, BOTH THE
WORKPIECE AND GRINDING WHEEL ARE
SIMULTANEOUSLY ROTATED. OUTSIDE
DIAMETER GRINDERS, INTERNAL DIAMETER
GRINDERS, AND CENTERLESS GRINDERS ARE
ALL TYPES OF CYLINDRICAL GRINDERS.
 CENTERLESS GRINDERS
A CENTERLESS GRINDER IS A TYPE OF
CYLINDRICAL GRINDER WHICH USES TWO
ROTARY WHEELS TO SECURE THE
WORKPIECE IN PLACE. UNLIKE A
CENTERED GRINDER, A CENTERLESS
GRINDER DOES NOT MAKE USE OF A
SPINDLE. THE SPEED OF THE ROTATION OF
THE WHEELS DETERMINES AT WHAT RATE
THE MATERIAL IS REMOVED.
 TOOL & CUTTER GRINDERS
A TOOL AND CUTTER GRINDER MAKES
USE OF A CNC MACHINE TOOL WITH UP TO
5 AXES AND MULTIPLE GRINDING WHEELS.
THESE DEVICES ARE USED FOR
SHARPENING AND PRODUCING MILLING
CUTTERS SUCH AS DRILLS, ENDMILLS, AND
STEP TOOLS. IT IS ALSO WIDELY USED FOR
PRODUCING THE TOOLS NEEDED IN THE
WOODWORKING AND METAL CUTTING
INDUSTRIES.
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF A
GRINDING MACHINE?
PARTS OF A GRINDING MACHINE
A GRINDING MACHINE CONSISTS OF THE
FOLLOWING PARTS:
• BASE OR BED
• TABLES
• HEADSTOCK
• TAILSTOCK
• WHEEL HEAD
• CROSSFEED
 BASE OR BED
IT IS A CAST-IRON CASTING RESTS ON THE FLOOR
AND SUPPORTS THE OTHER PARTS WHICH ARE
MOUNTED ON IT. THE BASE HOUSES THE TABLE
DRIVE MECHANISM AND ON THE TOP OF THE BASE
ACCURATELY MACHINED GUIDEWAYS ARE
PROVIDED AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE TABLE TO
SLIDE ON IT.
 TABLES
THERE ARE TWO TABLES, A LOWER TABLE, AND
THE UPPER TABLE. THE LOWER TABLE PROVIDES
TRANSVERSE MOVEMENT TO THE WORK BY SLIDING
OVER THE GUIDEWAYS ON THE BED, WHICH CAN BE
MOVED BY HAND OR POWER. THE UPPER TABLE
PIVOTED AT ITS CENTER OVER THE SLIDING TABLE
AND PROVIDED WITH HEADSTOCK ANDTAILSTOCK
AND THESE CAN BE POSITIONED AT ANY POSITION
ALONG THE TABLE TO HOLD THE WORKPIECE. THE
UPPER TABLE CAN BE SWIVELED AND CLAMPED FOR
GRINDING STRAIGHT OR TAPERED SURFACE.
 HEADSTOCK

THE HEADSTOCK FIXED OVER THE BED AND

SUPPORTS THE WORKPIECE BY MEANS OF A DEAD
CENTER AND DRIVES IT BY MEANS OF A DOG OR IT
MAY HOLD THE WORKPIECE IN A CHUCK AND
DRIVES IT.
 TAILSTOCK

THE TAILSTOCK CAN BE ADJUSTED AND FIXED IN

ANY REQUIRED POSITION TO ACCOMMODATE
DIFFERENT LENGTHS OF THE WORKPIECE.
 WHEEL HEAD

IT CONSISTS OF A GRINDING WHEEL AND ITS

DRIVING MOTOR. THE WHEEL HEAD IS MOUNTED ON
A SLIDE AT THE REAR END OF THE BASE AND MOVES
PERPENDICULARLY TO THE TABLE WAYS BY HAND
OR POWER TO FEED THE GRINDING WHEEL TO THE
WORK.
 CROSSFEED

THE GRINDING WHEEL CAN BE FED TO THE WORK

BY ENGAGEMENT OF THE CROSSFEED CONTROL
LEVER BY HAND OR POWER.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF GRINDING
MACHINE
THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A GRINDING
MACHINE IS QUITE EASIER TO UNDERSTAND. IN A
GRINDING MACHINE, THERE IS AN ELECTRIC MOTOR
WHICH SUPPLIES THE MOTION POWER TO THE
GRINDING WHEEL WITH THE HELP OF A BELT AND
PULLEY. SO WHEN WE START THE ELECTRIC MOTOR
THE MOTOR ROTATES AT A CERTAIN RPM (150-15000
RPM, IT MAY CHANGE ACCORDING TO THE TYPES OF
GRINDING MACHINE) WITH THE HELP OF V-BELT AND
CONE PULLEY THE GRINDING WHEEL ALSO STARTS
ROTATING AND WE PERFORM THE OPERATION.
Grinding Machine
Operations
SURFACE GRINDING OPERATION

IT IS USED TO MAKE A FLAT SURFACE, THE

ROTATING GRINDING WHEEL REMOVES THE
MATERIAL FROM THE TOP SURFACE OF THE
WORKPIECE GIVES A FLAT LOOK.
CYLINDRICAL GRINDING OPERATION
THIS TYPE OF GRINDING OPERATION IS PERFORMED ONLY FOR
CYLINDRICAL JOBS. THE CYLINDRICAL GRINDING OPERATION IS TWO
TYPES:

EXTERNAL CYLINDER INTERNAL CYLINDER

GRINDING OPERATION
WHEN WE NEED TO
REMOVE THE EXCESS
MATERIAL FROM THE
OUTER SURFACE OF THE
WORKPIECE THEN WE
PERFORMED AN
EXTERNAL GRINDING
OPERATION.
GRINDING OPERATION
THIS OPERATION IS DONE
FOR SMOOTHENING THE
INTERNAL SURFACE OF A
HOLE OR ANY
CYLINDRICAL
WORKPIECE.
CENTERLESS GRINDING OPERATION

IN THIS TYPE OF GRINDING OPERATION TWO

GRINDING WHEELS ARE FITTED PARALLEL WITH A
LITTLE 5-10 DEGREE ANGLE, THIS ANGLE IS
PROVIDED TO GET A LONGITUDINAL MOTION OF THE
WORKPIECE. A CYLINDRICAL ROD IS ENTERED
BETWEEN THE TWO GRINDING WHEEL DUE TO THE
TILTED ANGLE THE WORKPIECE IS AUTOMATICALLY
PASS THROUGH THE WHEELS, AND WE GOT A
SMOOTH SURFACE.
 FORM GRINDING OPERATION

IN THIS TYPE OF GRINDING PROCESS, THE

GRINDING WHEEL IS MAINTAINED EXACTLY THE
SAME SHAPE AS THE FINAL PRODUCT. WHEN THE JOB
IS PASSING THROUGH IT AUTOMATICALLY THE PRE-
DETERMINED SHAPE IS FORMED ON THE
WORKPIECE.
WET AND DRY GRINDING OPERATION

ALTHOUGH THERE ARE TWO METHODS OF DOING

A GRINDING OPERATION, ONE IS WET GRINDING AND
THE SECOND ONE IS DRY GRINDING.
 WET GRINDING

IN WET GRINDING, DURING THE GRINDING

OPERATION, WE SPRAYED COOLANT GENERALLY
WATER OR ANY COOLANT TO COOL THE SURFACE SO
THAT THE LONGEVITY OF THE GRINDING WHEEL
INCREASES AND ALSO WE GET A FINE SURFACE
FINISH.
 DRY GRINDING

IN THIS TYPE OF GRINDING PROCESS COOLANT IS

NOT USED. DRY GRINDING IS NOT PREFERABLE, IN
THIS PROCESS GRINDING WHEEL WEAR IS MORE
PLUS WE GET AN UNEVEN SURFACE FINISH.
 Engine Lathe Processes

01 02 03
WHAT IS WHAT ARE THE I WANT TO
ENGINE LATHE? TYPES AND KNOW ITS
PARTS OF WORKING
ENGINE LATHE PRINCIPLES.
MACHINE?
 WHAT IS ENGINE LATHE?

AN ENGINE LATHE IS A TYPE OF MACHINERY, SHAPED

HORIZONTALLY, AND IT IS OFTEN USED TO CUT METAL.
THE METAL IS TURNED, AND THE MACHINE USES
SPECIAL CUTTING TOOLS TO CREATE THE DESIRED
SHAPE. BECAUSE OF THE LATHE, IT CAN CREATE
VARIOUS SPECIFIC FORMS AND IS COMMONLY USED TO
SPIN SHEET METAL. CUT PIECES ARE INVOLVED IN
AUTOMOBILE ENGINES, MACHINE ENGINES, OR ANY
OTHER ENGINE FOR A MOTORIZED VEHICLE.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES AND PARTS OF
ENGINE LATHE MACHINE?
 THE LATHE
THIS LATHE, THOUGH THE SIMPLEST IN
CONSTRUCTION, IS THE MOST IMPORTANT MACHINE
SHOP TOOL, BEING CAPABLE OF A WIDE RANGE OF
WORK. THE PARTS OF LATHES ARE GENERALLY
SIMILAR AND SERVE THE SAME PURPOSES BUT, IN
PARTICULAR TYPE MACHINES, MAY VARY FOR A
SPECIFIC PURPOSE.
 THE BED
A RIGID ONE-PIECE CASTING TO PROVIDE A
FOUNDATION FOR THE OTHER MACHINE PARTS. VEE
OR FLAT WAYS ARE MACHINED AND SOMETIMES
SCRAPED ON THE TOP OF THE BED TO ENSURE
ALIGNMENT OF THE HEADSTOCK, CARRIAGE AND
TAILSTOCK.
 THE HEADSTOCK
HEADSTOCK HOUSES THE DRIVING AND FEED
MECHANISM, AND IS FIXED AT THE LEFT-HAND END
OF THE BED, THE SPINDLE, MOUNTED IN BEARINGS,
IS DRIVEN THROUGH CONE PULLEYS FROM A MOTOR
OR SHAFT, AND IS HOLLOW TO TAKE LONG WORK OR
ALLOW CENTRES TO BE KNOCKED OUT. IT IS
SCREWED AT THE RIGHT-HAND END TO TAKE
CHUCKS, FACE PLATES, ETC., AND TAPER BORED TO
TAKE DRILLS, CENTRES, ETC.
 THE HEADSTOCK
BACK GEARS GIVE LOWER SPEED RANGE AND
GREATER TURNING MOMENT, ALLOWING HEAVIER
CUTS TO BE TAKEN. TUMBLER GEARS, BY ENGAGING
A FURTHER GEAR, ALTER THE DIRECTION OF
ROTATION OF THE LEAD SCREW TO ALLOW RIGHT OR
LEFT-HAND THREADS TO BE CUT. A RANGE OF
CHANGE WHEELS ENABLES GIVEN TURNING RATIOS
BETWEEN THE MAIN SPINDLE AND LEAD SCREWS TO
BE ESTABLISHED AND VARIED, DEPENDING ON THE
FEED RATE REQUIRED OR THE PITCH OF THE SCREW
TO BE CUTT IN LARGER 1/ ALL-GEARED
HEADSTOCKS" FEED AND SPEED CHANGES ARE
MADE BY SETTING GEARS INTO PREDETERMINED
POSITIONS BY EXTERNAL LEVERS.
 THE TAILSTOCK
MADE UP OF A CASTING, WHICH RESTS ON THE
WAYS, AND AN UPPER OR BARREL CASTING WITH
SIDEWAYS ADJUSTMENT FOR TAPER TURNING; THE
TAILSTOCK SPINDLE, TAPER BORED FOR DRILLS,
CENTRES, ETC., PASSES THROUGH THE BARREL AND
IS OPERATED BY A HAND WHEEL. THE WHOLE
ASSEMBLY CAN BE MOVED ALONG THE BED AND
LOCKED IN POSITION.
 THE CARRIAGE
MADE UP OF THE SADDLE AND APRON, AND CAN
BE MOVED ALONG THE WAYS BY HAND OR
AUTOMATIC FEED. THE APRON IS FASTENED TO THE
SADDLE AND HANGS IN FRONT OF THE BED TO
CARRY THE HAND WHEEL AND PINION FOR HAND
FEED, AND A CLASP NUT FOR AUTOMATIC FEED AND
SCREW CUTTING. THE SADDLE FITS OVER THE BED
AND SLIDES ON THE WAYS FOR LONGITUDINAL
FEED. A DOVETAIL WAY MACHINED AT 90 DEGREES
ACROSS THE SADDLE CARRIES THE CROSS ",SLIDE
FOR CROSS FEED.
 THE COMPOUND SLIDE REST
MOUNTED ON TOP OF THE CROSS SLIDE AND' CAN
BE MOVED THROUGH 360 DEGREES AND CLAMPED IN
ANY POSITION, THE BASE OF THE REST BEING
GRADUATED THROUGH 180 DEGREES. A DOVETAIL
SLIDE ALLOWS THE UPPER PART, HOLDING THE TOOL
POST, TO BE MOVED FEED SCREW. THE CROSS SLIDE
AND COMPOUND SLIDE REST SCREWS ARE FITTED
WITH GRADUATED COLLARS SO THAT DEPTHS OF
CUT CAN BE ACCURATELY READ.
 THE TOOL POST
FITTED TO A TEE SLOT ON TOP OF THE COMPOUND
SLIDE REST, A ROCKER GIVING HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT
FOR THE TOOL.
 TURNING METHODS

01 02 03
TURNING FACEPLATE CHUCK WORK
BETWEEN TURNING
CENRES
 TURNING BETWEEN CENRES
DONE BY HOLDING THE WORK BETWEEN THE
HEADSTOCK AND TAILSTOCK CENTRES WHILE THE
MACHINING OPERATION IS CARRIED OUT. ROTATION OF
THE WORK IS EFFECTED THROUGH A DRIVING PLATE
SCREWED ON TO THE LATHE SPINDLE AND A DRIVING DOG
FIXED TO THE WORK. WORK BETWEEN CENTRES MAY BE
REMOVED FOR INSPECTION OR REVERSING, AND WHEN
REPLACED WILL RUN TRUE AS BEFORE. LONG WORK, SUCH
AS MANDRELS AND SHAFTS, IS TURNED THIS WAY.
CENTRE HOLES ARE DRILLED WITH A CENTRE DRILL IN
A CHUCK OR ON A DRILLING MACHINE, CARE BEING TAKEN
THAT THE CENTRES ARE LOCATED ACCURATELY AND ARE
DRILLED IN LINE.
 FACEPLATE TURNING
THE FACEPLATE IS A TURNED CAST IRON PLATE, IN
WHICH SLOTS AND HOLES HAVE BEEN CAST. THE
WORK IS BOLTED TO THE FACEPLATE OR TO AN
ANGLE PLATE FIXED TO IT, AND THE FACEPLATE IS
SCREWED TO THE SPINDLE AND -REVOLVES WITH IT.
CASTINGS OR FORGINGS WHICH CANNOT
CONVENIENTLY BE HELD IN THE CHUCK OR
BETWEEN THE CENTRES ARE MACHINED THIS WAY.
 CHUCK WORK
LATHE CHUCKS ARE SCREWED ON TO THE
SPINDLE OF THE LATHE AND PROVIDE A MEANS OF
HOLDING WORK OF DIFFERENT SIZES BETWEEN
ADJUSTABLE JAWS. CHUCKS ARE USED FOR
HOLDING WORK WHEN TURNING IN CONJUNCTION
WITH THE DEAD CENTRE OR INDEPENDENTLY OF IT.
FOUR-JAW INDEPENDENT CHUCK
EACH JAW IS OPERATED INDEPENDENTLY, SO THAT
IRREGULAR SHAPES, SUCH AS SQUARE STOCK, FORGINGS,
CASTINGS, ETC., CAN BE HELD AND CENTRED. THE CHUCK
FACE HAS A SERIES OF EQUALLY SPACED CIRCLES MARKED
TO ASSIST IN SETTING UP. THE SELF-CENTRING OR.
UNIVERSAL CHUCK HAS THREE JAWS, CONTROLLED BY A
BEVEL GEAR-DRIVEN SCROLL, AND IS SUITABLE FOR
HOLDING ROUND OR HEXAGONAL WORK. THE WORK IS
CENTERED AUTOMATICALLY AS THE JAWS MOVE
SIMULTANEOUSLY ON ADJUSTMENT. AS THE JAWS OR
SCROLL OF THE UNIVERSAL CHUCK WEAR IT BECOMES
INACCURATE, AND FOR ACCURATE SETTING UP THE FOUR-
JAW CHUCK IS MORE DEPENDABLE.
LATHE ACCESSORIES
 LATHE CENTRES
THE TAILSTOCK, OR DEAD CENTRE, IS HARDENED
AND SHOULD BE ACCURATELY GROUND TO 60
DEGREES. AS IT IS A BEARING, ON WHICH THE WORK
REVOLVES, IT SHOULD BE KEPT WELL OILED TO
PREVENT UNDUE SCORING OR WEAR. THE
HEADSTOCK, OR LIVE CENTRE, IS USUALLY LEFT
SOFT, AS IT DOES NOT WEAR WITH ROTATION. FOR
ACCURACY THE CENTRE SHOULD BE MACHINED IN
THE LATHE IN WHICH IT IS USED. BOTH THE LIVE
AND THE DEAD CENTRES ARE TAPERED TO FIT THE
MAIN SPINDLE OR TAILSTOCK SPINDLE
 RUNNING CENTRES OR PIPE
CENTRES
LARGE CENTRES ON A BALL THRUST RACE
MOUNTED IN THE TAILSTOCK TO CENTRE HOLLOW
OR PIPE WORK. THE CENTRE REVOLVES WITH THE
WORK AGAINST THE RACE ON THE CENTRE SPINDLE.
 MANDRELS
A MANDREL IS A SHAFT ON TO WHICH
ACCURATELY BORED OR REAMED WORK PIECES ARE
PRESSED, SO THAT WHEN REVOLVED BETWEEN
CENTRES, ALL THE REMAINING TURNING MAY BE
DONE. MANDRELS ARE MADE IN STANDARD SIZES,
TAPERED ·006" (0·150 MM) PER FOOT, AND HARDENED
TO PREVENT WEAR, OR WITH EXPANDING SLEEVES
FOR ODD SIZES. THEY ARE FREQUENTLY TURNED
FROM MILD STEEL TO SUIT PARTICULAR WORK SIZES
OR SHAPES.
STEADY REST AND FOLLOWER REST
WHEN TURNING OR BORING LONG WORK OF
SMALL DIAMETER IT IS SOMETIMES NECESSARY TO
USE SUPPORT TO PREVENT CHATTERING OR TO STOP
THE WORK FROM SPRINGING AWAY FROM THE TOOL.
A STEADY REST IS FITTED TO THE LATHE BED AND
THREE ROLLERS OR GUIDES RUB ON A TLIMED
PORTION OF THE WORK TO STEADY IT AS IT
REVOLVES. THE FOLLOWER REST IS MOUNTED ON
THE SADDLE AND HAS TWO GUIDES TRAVELLING
LEVEL WITH, AND OPPOSITE, THE TOOL, AND IN
CONTACT WITH THE WORK TO PREVENT MOVEMENT
IN SLENDER TURNING.
TURNING OPERATIONS
 PARALLEL TURNING
THIS IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING METAL FROM
THE WORK SURFACE OR PERIPHERY TO REDUCE THE
DIAMETER. AS THE WORK REVOLVES, THE CUT IS
REMOVED FROM THE COMPLETE CIRCUMFERENCE
SO THAT THE DIAMETER IS REDUCED BY TWICE THE·
DEPTH OF CUT. PARALLEL TURNING IS USUALLY
CARRIED OUT IN TWO STEPS: ROUGHING TO SIZE, IN
WHICH THE METAL IS REMOVED AS QUICKLY AS
POSSIBLE, AND FINISHING, TO BRING THE WORK TO
ITS REQUIRED SIZE AND FINISH. USUALLY THE
MINIMUM AMOUNT IS LEFT FOR THE FINISHING CUT.
 FACING
THE OPERATION EMPLOYED TO FINISH THE ENDS
OF WORK EITHER IN CHUCKS OR BETWEEN CENTRES
SO THAT THE END IS AT 90 DEGREES TO THE AXIS.
LARGE WORK IS GENERALLY BOLTED TO A
FACEPLATE OR HELD IN A CHUCK, AND THE TOOL
FED ACROSS THE FACE WHILE THE CARRIAGE IS
LOCKED IN POSITION. FINISHING CUTS ARE OFTEN
MADE FROM THE CENTRE OUT.
 PARTING OFF
DONE WITH A NARROW, SQUARE-FACED TOOT FED
SLOWLY INTO THE WORK BY THE CROSS-FEED SLIDE
TO PART OFF OR LEAVE GROOVES IN THE SURFACE.
THE TOOL USED MUST HAVE CLEARANCE ON BOTH
SIDES TO PREVENT JAMMING. PARTING OFF CAN
ONLY BE DONE WHEN THE WORK IS IN THE CHUCK,
BUT SHOULDERS OR GROOVES MAY BE FORMED IN
ANY TYPE OF TURNING.
 DRILLING
THE PROCESS OF CUTTING A HOLE IN SOLID
STOCK BY FIXING THE DRILL IN THE TAILSTOCK AND
FEEDING IT INTO THE WORK WITH THE TAILSTOCK
SCREW. BEFORE STARTING A DRILL ROUGH WORK
SHOULD BE FACED AND A CENTRE DRILL USED TO
PREVENT THE DRILL "WANDERING" AT THE START. AS
ALL DRILLS "WANDER" TO SOME EXTENT, A HOLE
WHICH IS TO BE TRUE TO SIZE AND WORK AXIS
SHOULD BE DRILLED AND BORED OR REAMED.
 BORING
THE OPERATION OF ENLARGING A DRILLED OR
CORED HOLE BY TURNING INSIDE WITH A BORING
TOOL. BORING IS CARRIED OUT TO PRODUCE
ACCURATE BORES, TO OBTAIN A HOLE WHICH RUNS
TRUE, OR IF A CORRECT SIZE DRILL FOR REAMING
ALLOWANCE IS NOT AVAILABLE. THE ORIGINAL
HOLE MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH FOR THE BORING
BAR TO ENTER.
 REAMING
CARRIED OUT AFTER DRILLING AND BORING TO
PRODUCE AN ACCURATE HOLE WHICH IS SMOOTH,
ROUND AND PARALLEL. THE HOLE SHOULD BE
BORED TO WITHIN ·005" (0·125 MM) OF THE SIZE AND
THE LATHE SPEED REDUCED TO ABOUT HALF THAT
FOR NORMAL DRILLING AND BORING. THE REAMER
SHOULD NOT BE TURNED IN REVERSE DURING
REMOVAL OR THE CUTTING EDGES WILL BE
DAMAGED.
 KNURLING
THE PROCESS OF SERRATING OR DIAMOND
PATTERNING THE WORK BY FORCING DEPRESSIONS
INTO THE SURFACE WITH HARDENED TOOTHED
ROLLERS. THE KNURLED PORTION GIVES A BETTER
GRIP ON ROUND NUTS, ADJUSTING SCREWS OR TOOL
HANDLES. AS THE DEPRESSIONS ARE .FORMED
CORRESPONDING DIAMONDS ARE RAISED, AND THIS
IS USED IN SOME CASES TO SLIGHTLY INCREASE OR
"KNURL UP" A DIAMETER. KNURLING IS CARRIED
OUT AT A SLOW SPEED AND IN BACK GEARS, AND
LUBRICATING OIL IS USED BETWEEN THE TOOL AND
THE WORK.
WHAT ARE REASONS FOR USING CUTTING
FLUIDS?
1. TO ACT AS A COOLANT TO OVERCOME HEAT
GENERATED BY CHIP DEFORMATION AND FRICTION
BETWEEN THE TOOL AND THE WORK AND THE CHIPS
AND THE TOOL.
2. TO IMPROVE THE FINISH BY LUBRICATING THE
CUTTING EDGE TO ASSIST THE CHIP FLOW.
3. TO KEEP THE CUTTING EDGE FREE FROM
SHAVINGS BY FLUSHING, PARTICULARLY IN DEEP
DRILLING OR BORING WHEN HIGH PRESSURES MAY
BE USED.
PHEEEW…
THAT’S ALL…
THANK YOU!