LATHE

MEIR11 SEMINAR
BASICS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
TIRUCHIRAPPALLI
 106121009- Aditya
106121011- Aman Gopal
106121029- Harshith
106121051- Hithesh
106121053- Janarthanan
106121055- Divya

MEMBERS 106121071- Madhullika

106121077- Mercia
106121089- Vishnu Vardhan
106121091- Ronith
106121041- Venkata Ajay Kumar
106121101- Rishabh Kumar
106121105- Kishore
106121135- Suhani
INTRODUCTION
“The mother of machine tools”

A lathe machine is used to remove metals from a

workpiece to give a desired shape and size.

The main use is to remove unwanted parts of the

material to leave behind a nicely shaped workpiece.
It is used in a wide range of applications, and with a
broad range of materials due to its versatility.

Lathe Machines are used in metalworking,

woodturning, metal spinning, thermal spraying,
glass working, and parts reclamation. Other
operations include sanding, cutting, knurling,
drilling, and deformation of tools employed in
creating objects which have symmetry about the
axis of rotation.
 • The article that is to be machined using the lathe
WORKING machine is known as the job.
• The tool that we attach to the lathe machine to perform
PRINCIPLE a particular operation on the job is known as a
tool/cutting tool.
• In a lathe machine, the job is held between two centers.
These centers support the job and hold it firmly in
place. The job needs to be held down securely.
• The job rotates about its own axis.
• The cutting tool is placed on the tool post.
• Due to the relative motion of the job and the cutting
tool, the material gets removed from the job in the form
of chips and shavings.
TYPES OF
LATHES
 TYPES OF LATHES
Lathes can be classified into various
types:
• Speed lathe
• Engine lathe
• Bench lathe
• Special purpose lathe
• Tool room lathe
• Turret and capstan lathes
• CNC lathe
SPEED LATHE
These types of lathe machines are simple in construction. It
has a bed, headstock, tailstock, and tool post mounted on
the adjustable slide. There is no feed box lead screw or
carriage.
The tool is mounted on the adjustable slide and is fed into
the work purely by hand control. This characteristic of the
lathe machines has the speed ranges from 1200 to 3600
rpm. The headstock construction is very simple and has
only 2 or 3 spindle speeds available.
Speed lathe machine has less depth of cut. Light force and
high speed made this to use this part woodworking,
spinning, centering, and polishing. The name speed lathe
has been given because of the very high speed of the
headstock spindle.
ENGINE LATHE

Engine lathe is the most widely used lathe machine. These machines
are driven by the gear mechanism or pulley mechanism. The name
engine lathe is given because of the earlier lathe were driven
by steam engines.

The headstock of an engine lathe is rigid in construction and has got

an additional mechanism to get multiple spindle speeds. Unlike the
speed lathe, the engine lathe can feed the cutting tool both in the
cross and longitudinal direction with reference to the lathe axis with
the help of a carriage feed and leadscrew. These types of lathe
machines are still used in workshops and many industries. It has
three types Belt-driven, Motor-driven, Gearhead type.
BENCH
LATHE
These types of lathe machines are
small in size and are used for very
small precision work. Bench lathe
machines are mounted on the
bench. It has all the similar parts
of engine lathe and speed lathe.
Bench lathe machine performs
almost all the operations of
engine lathe and speed lathe its
only difference being in the size.
 SPECIAL PURPOSE LATHES
As the name implies these types of lathe machines are used for special purposes and for production work.
In this lathe, special operations are performed such as drilling, grinding, reaming, boring, etc.
The special-purpose lathe machines are:
• Wheel lathe machine
• Gap bed lathe machine
• T-lathe machine
• Duplicating lathe machine
• Missile lathe machine
SPECIAL PURPOSE
LATHES
1. Wheel Lathe Machine
The wheel lathe is made for finishing the journals and turning
the thread on the railroad, automobile cars, and locomotive
wheels.

2. Gap Bed Lathe

The gap bed lathe, in which a section of the bed adjacent to the
headstock is removable, is used to swing extra large diameter
pieces.

3. T-Lathe
The “T -lathe” is used for machining rotors for jet engines. The
axis of the lathe bed is at right angles to the axis of the
headstock spindle in the form of a T.
SPECIAL
PURPOSE LATHES
4. Duplicating Lathe
The duplicating lathe machine is one of the
duplicating the shape of a flat or round
template onto the workpiece.
Mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic devices are
all used to coordinate the movement of the tool to
reproduce accurately the shape of the template.

5. Missile Lathe
The missile lathe machine which has a very large
swing for accommodating long missile components
of very large diameter is the most modern and
latest in lathe design.
 Toolroom lathe machine is the same as that of engine lathe but
TOOLROOM provides a wide range of speed. The spindle speed range is from
very low to quite high speed up to 2500rpm. This is equipped
beside the other thing, with a chuck, taper turning attachment,
LATHE draw in collect attachment, steady and follower rest, pump for
coolant, etc. Toolroom Lathe is costlier as compared to the
engine lathe. It is mainly using in grindings, working on the tool,
dies gauges, and in machining work where is accuracy is
needed.
CNC LATHE
These types of lathe machines are operated with a
precise set of design instructions. A CNC (computer
numerical control) lathe is a machine tool that
rotates the workpiece around the main spindle,
while a cutting tool cuts the workpiece into a
desired shape and size.
A simple CNC lathe operates on two axes with the
cutting tool in a fixed position on an 8 to 24 station
turret. CNC lathe ensures consistent product quality
and does not require highly skilled operators to
operate the machine. On the other hand, CNC
machines are more expensive than manually
operated machines
CAPSTAN LATHE
Capstan lathe is the modified form of the center lathe (or
engine lathe) in which the tailstock is replaced with a
hexagonal turret tool head. It was first developed by Pratt
and Whitney in America in the year 1860.
It was necessary to develop a capstan lathe because there
was only one tool holder in the center lathe and only one
tool can be mounted in the tailstock. As a result, it was
very time-consuming every time we had to change the
tool while changing the operation that is to be performed
on the workpiece. Thus, center lathe was not suitable for
mass production.
CAPSTAN
LATHE
To overcome these problems, a capstan
lathe was developed. Capstan lathe is a
modified form of the center lathe. This
turret tool head has 6 different tool types.
The turret tool is rotated to obtain the
required tool for the operation.
It is used in manufacturing many end
products with the highest accuracy and
precision in the shortest possible time.
It is a semi-automatic lathe. It is called semi-
automatic because the machining
processes such as drilling, facing, thread
cutting, turning, etc. are carried out
automatically without changing tools, while
other works such as workpiece clamping,
toolset and cooling are carried out
manually.
TURRET
LATHE
A turret lathe is a type of metalworking
lathe that’s characterized using
interchangeable cutting tools. Like
traditional lathes, it presses a stationary
cutting tool against a rotating
workpiece.
TURRET
LATHE
Turret lathes are unique, however, because of their
interchangeable cutting tools. The cutting tool can
be quickly changed to accommodate a specific
manufacturing application. It evolved from earlier
lathes with the addition of the turret, which is an
indexable toolholder that allows multiple cutting
operations to be performed, each with a different
cutting tool, in easy, rapid succession, with no need
for the operator to perform set-up tasks in between
(such as installing or uninstalling tools) or to control
the toolpath.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAPSTAN AND
TURRET LATHE
CAPSTAN LATHE TURRENT LATHE

1. Lightweight machine. 1. Heavyweight machine.

2. Turret tool head is directly fitted on the saddle and

2. These are usually horizontal lathes.
both of them appear like one unit.
3. Turret head is mounted on a slide called ram which
3. Suitable for heavier chucking work.
is mounted on the saddle.

4. Suitable for bar work. 4. The saddle is moved to provide feed to the tool.

5. The saddle is locked at a particular point and the

5. They are heavy and durable.
ram is moved to provide feed to the tool.
6. Only a limited amount of feed and depth of cut is 6. More feed and depth of cut are provided for
provided for machining. machining.
7. The cross slide is mounted on a carriage that rests
7. Some turret-type lathes are equipped with side
on the bed ways between the headstock and the
hung type carriage.
ram.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAPSTAN AND
TURRET LATHE
CAPSTAN LATHE TURRENT LATHE

8. To index the turret tool head, a clamping lever is

8. The turret tool head is indexed automatically.
released, and the turret is rotated manually.
9. Feed stop screws are used to control the distance
9. Limit dogs are used to control the distance of tool
of tool movement which is at the rear side of the
movement.
turret.
10. Some turret lathes have the facility of moving the
10. No such facility to moving turret at right angles.
turret at right angles to the lathe axis.

11. Feed rod gives for longitudinal feed. 11. Feed rod does not give for longitudinal feed.

12. Used for mass production of small size equal part. 12. Used for mass production of large size equal part.

13. It has hand-operated collet chucks. 13. It is accommodated with power chucks.

14. Heavy cuts on the workpiece can’t be given 14. Heavy cuts on a workpiece can be given because
because of non-rigid construction. of the rigid construction of a machine.
PARTS OF
THE LATHE

The parts of a lathe machine

can be broadly classified as:

• Bed
• Headstock
• Tailstock
• Carriage
• Feed mechanism
1. BED
The bed, which is also known as the lathe bed, is
present over the tray of the lathe machine. It is the base
on which all other parts of the lathe machine are
mounted. It is massive and rigid single piece casting
made to support other parts of the lathe machine. It is
usually made from single piece casting of semi steel or
chilled cast iron. There are guide ways on the lathe
bed. These guide ways take care of the movement of
the tail stock and carriage.
2. HEADSTOCK

Head stock is located over the

lathe bed in the leftmost side,
and it is the house of the driving
mechanism and electric
mechanism of the lathe
machine tool. The following are
the main parts of the head
stock.
2. HEADSTOCK
• Spindle: It is connected to the gear
mechanism inside the head stock
and hence can rotate. It posseses the
live center to which the work piece
can be attached.
• Chuck: It is connected to the spindle
using threads. It is used to hold the
job or workpiece firmly during the
machining operation.
• Speed Selectors: It is used for
controlling the gear speed
• Driving Clutch: It is used to engage
and disengage the spindle from the
gear mechanism.
3. TAILSTOCK
The tailstock is also known as the foot stock.
It is located on the opposite end of the
lathe from the headstock.
Working:
• The spindle moves front and back inside
the hole.
• The spindle has a taper hole to receive
the dead center of shanks of tools like the
drill or reamer.
• If the tailstock hand wheel is rotated in the
clockwise direction, the spindle advances
and if the hand wheel is rotated in the
anticlockwise direction the spindle will be
withdrawn inside the hole.
3. TAILSTOCK
Main uses of the tailstock:
a. It is useful in holding tools like drills,
reamers, and taps when performing
drilling, reaming and tapping
respectively.
b. It supports the other free end of the
long workpiece when it is machined
between centers.
3. TAILSTOCK
The subcomponents of the tailstock are:
1. Tailstock spindle
The spindle can be extended or
retracted with the handwheel or locked
in place with the tailstock spindle lock.
The tailstock spindle is typically
graduated for rough positioning.

2. Tailstock Handwheel
A tailstock handwheel is used to extend
or retract the tailstock spindle.
3. TAILSTOCK
3. Tailstock Spindle Lock
The tailstock spindle can be fixed into position by
clamping it with the spindle lock.

4. Tailstock Lock
To prevent the tailstock from sliding along the bed
ways, a lock is employed.
This lock can be one or more levers or a locking nut.
https://youtu.be/vcPF-l8waEA
4. CARRIAGE
It is located between the headstock
and the tailstock on the lathe bed
guide ways.
It can be moved along the bed either
towards or away from the headstock.
The several components of the
carriage to support and control the
cutting tools are:
a. Saddle
b. Cross Slide
c. Compound Rest
d. Compound Slide
e. Tool Post.
 4. COMPONENTS OF
THE CARRIAGE
1. Saddle
It fits over the bed and slides along the bed between the headstock
and tailstock.
It is an H shaped casting.
The saddle or the entire carriage can be moved by providing
hand/automatic feed.
2. Cross Slide
It carries the compound rest, compound slide and the tool post.
Cross slide hand wheel is rotated to move at right angles to the
lathe axis.
The cross-slide hand wheel is graduated on its rim to enable to give
known amount of feed as accurate as 0.5mm.
 COMPONENTS OF
THE CARRIAGE

3. Compound Rest
It is the part which connects the cross slide to the
compound slide. It has a circular base on which the
angular gradations are marked. The compound rest
can be swiveled to the required angle while turning
tapers.

4. Compound Slide
A top slide is known as the compound slide. It is
attached to compound rest using a dove tail joint. The
tool post is situated on the compound slide.
COMPONENTS OF
THE CARRIAGE
5. Tool Post
The tool post is located on top of the compound
slide. It is used to hold the tools rigidly. The tools
are selected according to the type of operation
and is adjusted to a convenient working position.
The different types of tool posts are:
a. Single Way Tool Post
b. Four Way Tool Post
c. Quick Change Tool Post
COMPONENTS OF
THE CARRIAGE

6. Apron
It is attached to the front of the carriage. It contains
the mechanism for the manual and automatic
motion of the carriage and the cross slide. For the
manual movement of the carriage along the bed,
there is a hand wheel on the front of the apron.
The hand wheel shaft has a pinion at its other end
which engages with a rack attached to the bed
5. FEED MECHANISM
5. Feed Mechanism
The relative motion between the tool and the work is known as ‘feed.’
There are three types of feed of the tool:
• Longitudinal feed: When the tool moves in parallel to the lathe axis, via a carriage.
• Cross-slide: When the tool moves in a perpendicular direction to the lathe axis.
• Angular feed: When the tool moves at an angle to the lathe axis with the help of compound rest.
The units playing a role in the feed mechanism are:
1. End of bed gearing
2. Feed gear box
3. Lead screw and feed rod
4. Apron mechanism
5. FEED MECHANISM

The gearing at the end of bed transmits the rotary motion of

head stock spindle to the feed gear box.
The feed gear box provides a means to alter the rate of
feed, The apron is fitted to the saddle.
The power is transmitted to the apron through the feed
mechanism. It is located at the left of the bed. Power is
transmitted to the apron by a rotating feed rod through the
gearing and clutch arrangement in the apron. For cutting
threads, the drive is given by a lead screw by a direct
connection between the apron and the lead screw by means
of a split nut.
TYPES OF FEED Various feed mechanisms exist to feed material into a
lathe at a defined rate.
1. Bar Feeder

MECHANISMS A bar feeder feeds a single piece of bar stock into the
cutting machine. There are two types of bar feeds
used in lathe machining:
a. Hydrodynamic bar feeds, which rest the bar stock
in a series of channels whilst clamping down on
the top and bottom of the bar, and
b. Hydrostatic bar feeds, which hold the bar stock in
a feed tube using pressurized oil.
2. Bar Loader
A bar loader is a variation on the bar feeder concept in
that multiple pieces of bar stock may be fed into a
hopper, and the loader feeds each piece, as
necessary.
 3. Belt Feed Mechanism

TYPES OF FEED Belt feed mechanism is widely use in oldest lathe

machines. In this, a cone stepped pulley is used for
providing the different types of speed. To change the
speed, a lever is used for sliding the belt at one

MECHANISMS pulley to another. Belt feed mechanism has a

disadvantage of the belt slipping in pulley changing
process.
4. Gear Feed Mechanism
In the gear feed mechanism, the power is transmitted
from spindle to feed rod or lead screw by power gear
train. Gear 1 is situated at the back side of the
spindle and the tumbler bracket consists of the gears
2, 3, 4 and 5. A lever operate the bracket. This
bracket is pivoted about the axis of the stud gear.
This position of the bracket can be arranged in three
different stages namely:
a. Neutral Position
b. Forward Position
c. Reverse Position
OPERATIONS OF THE
LATHE
FACING
Facing operation on a lathe machine is an
operation of reducing the length of the
workpiece by feeding the perpendicular
to the lathe axis. This operation of
reducing a flat surface on the end of the
workpiece.

For this operation, a regular turning tool

or facing tool may use. The cutting edge
of the tool should be set to the same
height as the center of the workpiece.
FACING
In this operation:
a. Hold the job on Head-stock
spindle using Three or four-jaw
chuck.
b. Start the machine on desire RPM to
rotate the job.
c. Give a desirable feed on the
perpendicular direction of the axis of
the job.
Facing consists of 2 operations
• Roughing: Here the depth of cut is
1.3mm
• Finishing: Here the depth of cut is
0.2-0.1mm
TURNING
The turning operation is the process by which
we remove the excess material from the
workpiece to produce a cone-shaped or a
cylindrical surface.
There are several types of turning operations,
those are:
• Straight turning
• Shoulder turning
• Rough turning
• Finish turning
• Taper turning
• Eccentric turning
TYPES OF
TURNING
1. Straight turning
This operation is done to produce a cylindrical surface by
removing excess material from the workpiece.
It is done in the following ways:
• Mount the job with a suitable job holding device and
check the trueness of the job axis with the lathe axis.
• Hold the cutting tool on the tool post and set the cutting
edge at the job axis or slightly above it.
• Set the spindle as per the desired feed. Give depth of cut
as per finish or rough cut. Start the machining.
• Engage automatic feed to move the carriage with the tool
to the desired length, then disengage the feed, and
carriage is brought back to its starting
TYPES OF
TURNING
2. Shoulder Turning
A shoulder turning is called which has a different diameter
to form a step from one diameter to another.
There are four kinds of shoulder.
a. Square
b. Bevelled
c. Radius
d. Undercut
 3. Rough turning:

TYPES OF It is a process of removal of excess material from the

workpiece in minimum time by applying a high rate of feed
and heavy depth of cut.
TURNING The depth of cut is around 2 to 5mm and the rate of feed is
0.3 to 1.5mm/revolution.
TYPES OF TURNING
4. Finish turning
The finish turning operation needs high cutting speed,
minimum feed, and a very small depth of cut to
generate a smooth surface.
In finish turning the depth of cut is around 0.5 to 1mm
and the rate of feed is 0.1 to 0.3 mm/revolution.
5. Eccentric turning
If a cylindrical work piece has two separate axis of rotation,
one being out of center at the other, the work piece is
termed as eccentric. The turning of different surfaces of
the work piece is known as Eccentric Turning.
Here, three sets of center holes are drilled.
By holding the workpiece at these three centers, the
machining operation for each of the surfaces is completed.
TAPER
TURNING
Taper turning is a manufacturing
method used to produce tapered
turning parts, which has uniformly
changing diameter from one end to
another. Thus, taper turning refers
to a process of gradual reduction in
outer or inner diameter from one
end to the other of the cylindrical
workpiece or material block. Taper
turning is usually performed on a
lathe machine.
TAPER TURNING
1. Form Tool Method
The form tool methods are one of the simplest methods to
create a short taper. In this method, a broad form tool with a
straight cutting edge is set to the work at a half taper angle
& is fed directly into the workpiece. The tool used in this
method is called the taper turnings form tool. The tool itself
is used in a tapered shape, creating a tapered workpiece.

In this method, the length of the taper should be less than

the length of the tool cutting edge. Since the entire edge
removes the metal, it will create huge vibrations and
therefore requires a large force. This method is performed
to reduce the required vibration and force at a slow rate.
TAPER TURNING
2. Tail Stock Set Over Method
This method is commonly used when the angle of the
tapers is very small. In this method, the axis of rotation
of the workpieces is shifted to the axis of the lathe at
half an angle to the taper.

The workpiece is placed between the live centre and

the dead centre. The tailstock is moved upright in a
cross direction that is in the direction of the lathe axis
by the turning set-over method. The tailstock is locked
in an upward or downward direction to allow the
workpiece to tilt, and therefore the taper bend can be
ejected.
TAPER TURNING
3. Compound Rest Method

This method is typically used to produce short and steep

cones. In this method, the compound rest is rotated at the
required angle and held in position. The compound rest can
be rotated up to 45 degrees. The workpiece is held in the
chuck & will be rotated in the lathe axis.
TAPER TURNING
4. Combining Feed Method
It is an advanced tempering method. In some lathe
machines, both longitudinal and cross feeds can be
mounted simultaneously, causing the tool to be moved
in a diagonal path and taper bent.

The diagonal path followed by the instrument is the

result of two feeds. The direction of the tool can be
changed by varying the feed rate of longitudinal and
cross feed. This method can only be operated by a
skilled operator because it is very easy to do wrong in
this method.
TAPER TURNING
ATTACHEMENT
Taper Turning Attachment comes as an optional attachment
with ABL Lathe. In this method, the taper bend is performed
using an attachment. This attachment has a guide bar, & this
guide bar is usually placed in the center. The guide bar can
swing at any required angles of the taper. The tool moves
parallels to the guide bar.

A guide bar is used to guide the tool at required angles. The

guide bar has a scale of degrees. The guide bar can be
rotated on both sides at a maximum angle of 10 °. The angle
required for taper turning is achieved by rotating the guide
bar.
TAPER TURNING
ATTACHMENT
In this method, the workpieces are held
in a chuck. It has a guide block that
attaches to the back end of the cross-
slide and runs on the guide bar.

In this method, the guide bar is set at

an angle at which the workpiece is to
be taped. By using the taper turning
attachment method, taper turning of
any size can be performed easily. The
job is held either in chuck or in the
centers, i.e., dead and Live center in
the tempering process. The depth of
cut is given by the compound rest
handwheel.
 SPINNING
Metal spinning, also known as spin
forming or spinning or metal turning most
commonly, is a metalworking process by
which a disc or tube of metal is rotated at
high speed and formed into an axially
symmetric part. It is typically performed
using a CNC lathe.
This process is frequently used to create
rounded metal parts and products,
ranging from aerospace components to
decorative household goods.
 SPINNING
Working
• A formed block is mounted in the drive
section of a lathe.
• A pre-sized metal disk is then clamped
against the block by a pressure pad, which
is attached to the tailstock.
• The block and workpiece are then rotated
together at high speeds.
• A localized force is then applied to the
workpiece to cause it to flow over the
block. The force is usually applied via
various levered tools.
• Simple workpieces are just removed from
the block, but more complex shapes may
require a multi-piece block. Extremely
complex shapes can be spun over ice
forms, which then melt away after spinning.
REAMING
Reaming is the operation by which the dimension of a
drilled hole is corrected. This is similar to drilling, but the
reaming is more accurate and involves very little metal
removal.
This process makes use of a lathe reamer.
A reamer, is a cutting tool that’s designed for enlarging an
existing hole rather than cutting or scraping material.
They consist of a long cylindrical bit with helical or parallel
edges wrapping around the exterior surface. When a
reamer enters an existing hole, it’s able to remove excess
material. As the excess material is removed, the hole in the
workpiece becomes wider and larger.
 DRILLING
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill
bit to cut a hole with a circular cross-section
in solid materials. The drill is usually a
rotating cutting tool, often multi-point. The
bit is pressed against the workpiece and
rotated at speeds of hundreds to thousands
of revolutions per minute.
 Spot Drilling

TYPES OF The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide
for drilling the final hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the
workpiece because it is only used to guide the beginning of the
DRILLING next drilling process.

Centre drilling
Centre drill is a two-fluted tool consisting of a twist drill with a 60°
countersink; used to drill countersink center holes in a workpiece
to be mounted between centers for turning or grinding.

Deep hole drilling

Deep hole drilling is defined as drilling a hole of depth greater
than ten times the diameter of the hole. These types of holes
require special equipment to maintain the straightness and
tolerances. Other considerations are roundness and surface finish.
 Gun Drilling

TYPES OF Gun drilling was originally developed to drill out gun barrels and
is used commonly for drilling smaller diameter deep holes. The
depth-to-diameter ratio can be even greater than 300:1.
DRILLING Trepanning
Trepanning is commonly used for creating larger diameter holes
(up to 915 mm (36.0 in)) where a standard drill bit is not feasible
or economical. Trepanning removes the desired diameter by
cutting out a solid disk similar to the workings of a drafting
compass

Micro drilling
Micro drilling refers to the drilling of holes less than 0.5 mm
(0.020 in). Drilling of holes at this small diameter presents greater
problems since coolant fed drills cannot be used and high spindle
speeds are required. High spindle speeds that exceed 10,000
RPM also require the use of balanced tool holders.
TYPES OF
DRILLING
Vibration Drilling
The first studies into vibration drilling began in the
1950s (Pr. V.N. Poduraev, Moscow Bauman
University). The main principle consists in
generating axial vibrations or oscillations in addition
to the feed movement of the drill so that the chips
break up and are then easily removed from the
cutting zone
BORING
(MANUFACTURING)
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a
hole that has already been drilled (or cast) by means
of a single-point cutting tool (or of a boring head
containing several such tools), such as in boring
a gun barrel or an engine cylinder. Boring is used to
achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole
and can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring can
be viewed as the internal-diameter counterpart
to turning, which cuts external diameters.
Threading is the process of creating a screw thread.
More screw threads are produced each year than
any other machine element. There are many
methods of generating threads, including
subtractive methods (many kinds of thread cutting
and grinding, as detailed below); deformities or
transformative methods (rolling and forming;
molding and casting); additive methods (such as 3D
printing); or combinations thereof.

THREADING
TYPES OF
THREADING
1. Thread cutting
• Thread cutting on the lathe is a process that produces a
helical ridge of uniform section on the workpiece. This
is performed by taking successive cuts with a threading
tool bit the same shape as the thread form required.
2. Single-point threading
• Single-point threading, also colloquially called single-
pointing (or just thread cutting when the context is
implicit), is an operation that uses a single-point tool to
produce a thread form on a cylinder or cone.
 TYPES OF
THREADING
3. Thread Milling
Threads may be milled with a rotating milling cutter if the
correct helical toolpath can be arranged. This was formerly
arranged mechanically, and it was suitable for mass-
production work although uncommon in job-shop work.
4. Thrilling
Thrilling is the process of threading and drilling
(accomplished in the reverse order) internal threads using
a specialized cutting tool on a CNC mill. The cutting tool
tip is shaped like a drill or center-cutting end mill, while
the body has a thread-shaped form with a countersink
cutter form near the shank.
 TYPES OF
THREADING
5. Thread grinding
Thread grinding is done on a grinding machine using
specially dressed grinding wheels matching the shape of
the threads. The process is usually used to produce accurate
threads or threads in hard materials; a common application
is ball screw mechanisms.
6. Thread Lapping
Rarely, thread cutting or grinding (usually the latter) will be
followed by thread lapping in order to achieve the highest
precision and surface finish achievable. This is a tool room
practice when the highest precision is required, rarely
employed except for the leadscrews or ball screws of high-
end machine tools.
 TYPES OF
THREADING
7. Threading with EDM
Internal threads can be electrical discharge machined
(EDM) into hard materials using a sinker style machine.
8. Thread casting and molding
In casting and molding the threads are directly formed by
the geometry of the mold cavity in the mold or die. When
the material freezes in the mold, it retains the shape after
the mold is removed. The material is heated to a liquid or
mixed with a liquid that will either dry or cure (such as
plaster or cement). Alternatively, the material may be
forced into a mold as a powder and compressed into a
solid, as with graphite.
GROOVING
Grooving is a type of specific turning option that cut grooves
or forms a narrow cavity of a certain depth on external,
internal surfaces, cylinder, cone, or a face of the part (face
grooving or trepanning). Grooving is a machining process
performed on CNC lathes, the shape of grooves or the
majority of grooves will be related to the cutting tool shape.
There are three typical types of groove: OD grooves, ID
grooves and face grooves, which affects the use of the
grooving tool.
PARTING
Parting is the process whereby a part that
has been made, or is wanted for another
operation, on the end of a bar is cut off from
the rest of the bar, which is, usually, being
held in the chuck. This is a very common
way of holding a component whilst it is
being made and so parting is a very
common operation.
 PARTING
Parting off is mainly performed in bar feed machines. The
parting off operation is usually only a small part of the
component's total machining time and therefore not usually
seen as a target area for time savings. However, after the
parting sequence, some components still have additional
features to be machined while in the sub spindle. If chips
wrap around the component, they can prevent the clamping
of the next component in the sub spindle. If this occurs, the
machine will either produce scrap or stop. Chips wrapping
around the finished component can cause problems in
consecutive operations (heat treatments, deburring,
assembly, etc.) and destroy the surface finish. Since parting
off is usually one of the last operations to perform on the
component, security is of great importance. If the tool breaks
during parting, the component is usually scrapped.
CHAMFERING
It is also known as beveling process.
Chamfering process is a provision which is used
to cut the bevel edge at the end of the work
piece.
This process is often used to remove the sharp
corners which assures the workers to work
without any damages to them as well as to the
work piece.
There are two types of chamfering:
1. Frontend chamfering,
2. Backend chamfering.
KNURLING
Knurling is a process which is used to provide a
rough surface on the work piece
This process is often employed to impose a
diamond shaped cut on the surface of the
workpiece.
This is used to give rough surfaces to places
where we are supposed to hold the device to
work with it without slipping.( e.g., Handles).
FORMING
Forming or metal forming is a
process in which the forces
which we apply on the
workpiece must be greater than
the yield strength and must be
lesser than the ultimate strength
of the workpiece in order to
form the plastic deformation for
our required shapes.
E.g.: Rolling, Drawing, Forging,
spinning, etc.;
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF FORMING
ADVANTAGES
• Wastage of material will be minimum
• It increases strength, hardness, closer
dimensional tolerance and good
surface finish.
• Time taken for metal forming will be
low.
DISADVANTAGES
• Wastage of material will be minimum
• It increases strength, hardness, closer
dimensional tolerance and good
surface finish.
• Time taken for metal forming will be
low.
 LATHE TOOLS
Lathe tools are used on a lathe, which is a shaping machine with a rotating drive for turning a workpiece
on its axis against the different tools. Lathes are used for shaping wood, metal, and other materials used
in a wide range of applications. They’re also used for metal working, metal spinning, glass working, and
woodworking.
 TYPES OF LATHE TOOLS

1 2 3 4 5
Facing Tool Turning Tool Forming Tool Grooving Tool Boring Bar
A facing tool is used for Turning tools are Forming tools are made A grooving tool is The boring bar is used
facing operation on the designed for removing flat or circular in shape usually a carbide on a metal lathe, a
lathe to cut flat surface the materials from the when used in the lathe. insert mounted in a machine tool that spins
perpendicular to the stock, a rough turning special tool holder, it’s a part while moving a
piece’s rotational axis, tool is used to remove designed to an insert cutting tool to remove
the tool is mounted the maximum amount with multiple tips, material from the part,
into a tool holder that of material . often ground to enlarge the inside
rests on the carriage of diameter of a work
the lathe. piece and, potentially,
to cut that dimension to
a tight tolerance
 TYPES OF LATHE TOOLS

1 2 3 4 5
Parting Tool Thread Cutting Tool Channelling tool Knurling Tool Chamfering Tool
A parting tool is a This tool is used to cut The channelling tool Knurling tools are The chamfering tool
narrow-bladed tool a thread on the lathe performs the grooving used to produce is used to create a
used for cutting off part. In external thread operation. It can make knurled lathe parts, bevel or furrow on
pieces from the main cutting, the piece can holes around a
be held in a chuck or through creating or the part. A chamfer
body of stock being workpiece of a certain pressing a pattern can be used to
machined . mounted between two depth. Grooving refers
centres, in internal to the process of
onto a round section, smooth sharp or
thread cutting, the making a narrow hole used as a grip for a hazardous edges on a
part is held in a chuck, of a certain depth on handle, also usually workpiece.
the tool moves across the workpiece created on fasteners
the part linearly, like nuts. A knurling
taking chips off. tool is designed with
a specific pattern.
APPLICATIONS OF THE LATHE
Lathe is the most versatile conventional machine tool used for performing a large number
operations Lathes are used in the production of plain and stepped shafts, bolts, small tools, dies,
gauges, fixtures, instrumental parts, pipes used in petroleum industries, wheels, crank shafts,
screws. it can be used for polygonal turning, slot milling, grinding . It can also be used for doing
drilling and other allied operations using the tail stock arrangement. On the industrial side, big
lathes produce countless numbers of parts: driveshafts on cars, legs for tables, etc. Heavy-duty,
large-scale lathe tools can be used to turn a giant metal cone or disc.
SPECIFICATIONS
OF THE LATHE
A lathe can be specified by giving the
various data regarding the maximum
diameter of the workpiece that can be
rotated on a lathe (swing diameter), the
distance between the centers, height
of the center, a hole through the
spindle, number of spindle speeds and
their range, feed ranges, motor power
rating, net weight, etc.
The specification differs based on the
type of lathe.
SPECIFICATIONS
OF THE LATHE
1. Swing Diameter
• The Swing Diameter over the lathe bed
This is the largest diameter that can be mounted without
striking the bed.
The swing diameter over the bed is twice the height of the
center measured from the bed of the lathe..
• The swing diameter over the carriage
The maximum diameter of workpiece that can be rotated
over lathe saddle
The swing diameter over carriage is always less than the
swing diameter over bed.
 2. Distance between the centers
The distance between the headstock and tailstock center. This is the
SPECIFICATIONS maximum length of work that can be mounted between the lathe
centers

OF THE LATHE 3. Height of the center

Height of the work axis or tail stock or head stock center measured from
the lathe bed.

4. Hole through the spindle

The diameter of the hole that passes through the spindle.
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE LATHE
5. Number of spindle speeds and their range
The spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle
of the machine, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).
The spindle speed Ns, in rpm, for a machined operating at
cutting speed V, in m/min, is given by the spindle speed
formula:
Ns = V * 1000 / (π * D)
where D is the diameter of the workpiece in mm.
A typical technical specification of an
engine lathe is given below:
• Height of the center: 165 mm
• Swing diameter over bed: 315 mm
• Distance between centers: 700 mm
• The hole through spindle : 35 mm

6. Motor power rating • Number of spindle speeds: 16

Motor power is the capacity of an electric motor attached to • Motor power: 0.75 kW
the lathe. • NET weight : 475 kg

7.Net weight etc.

CUTTING PARAMETERS
For all metal cutting processes, it is necessary to have a clear
idea about the cutting parameters.
The various cutting parameters for a lathe are given below:
1. Cutting Speed
The cutting speed is the primary cutting motion, and it
represents the speed at which the material is removed from
the workpiece. In lathes, the cutting speed is got by the
rotary motion given to the workpiece. It can be calculated
from the following equation:
V = (πDN)/1000
where V is the cutting speed in m/min.
D is the diameter of the work piece in mm
N is the number of revolutions of the work piece in r.p.m.
CUTTING PARAMETERS
2. Feed
Feed determines the amount of material removed per
revolution. In lathe, it is the distance moved by the tool for one
revolution of the workpiece, in a direction that depends on the
operation performed. It is expressed in mm/rev.
3. Depth of Cut
In lathe, the depth of cut is the perpendicular distance between
the machined and unmachined surface. The depth of cut is the
tool movement in a direction perpendicular to the workpiece
surface given before each cut. It is expressed in mm and can be
obtained from the equation,

d = (D1 - D2)/2 mm

where D1 is the original diameter of the workpiece

D2 is the diameter of the workpiece after a cut
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
1. Posture Check
Always maintain an upright and erect posture when the lathe is in operation; do not lean on the lathe while it
is powered on.

2. Maintain Safe Distance

Never stand in line with the front or back of the work piece; the aforesaid area is also known as the Red Zone
because it is the most prone to projectile induced accidents. The operator may end up being struck with
sharp metallic pieces or wooden splinters. Projectiles may also include loosened machine components and
dirt.

3. Rotating Speed Check

A shaky workpiece is a warning that the axis rotation is a tad too fast; it decreases the speed until the
vibration ceases completely. Always consult a speed chart to determine and preset the RPM (Revolutions Per
Minute) of the lathe.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
4. Sanding & Polishing Precaution
The tool rest should be mandatorily removed, before proceeding with sanding and polishing.

5. Removal of Metal Chips

Never clear the machine of metal chips using your hands; the sharp edges may cause your hand to start
bleeding. Tools such as pliers or brushes should be used to clear the machine of these metallic chips. Do not
attempt to use compressed air to remove metal chips from the lathe because it might send the shrapnel
flying into your face and your eyes, leaving them severely injured.

6. Adjustment of Parts
The lathe motor should always be switched off prior to making any adjustments in the components; unplug
the machine and wait until it comes to a proper halt before performing maintenance tasks such as cleaning
or lubricating. A powered-lathe should never be left unattended.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
7. Filing Precautions
Filing is one of the most risk-prone tasks performed using the lathe. It is best practice to grip the file with the
hand closest to the stock; guide and direct the file with the other hand.

8. Regular Maintenance
Checking for worn parts and damaged components and replacing them in a timely manner is an often
overlooked but equally important safety measure. The workshop floor should also be cleared of any clutter to
prevent mishaps resulting from slipping, tripping over, and hitting the lathe.

9. Safety Gear
It is paramount to protect your eyes from any projectiles and splinters; wear safety glasses and safety masks to
protect your face. Because of high levels of dust produced as a result of activities such as filing and sanding, a
dusk mask is an indispensable part of a lathe operator’s safety gear.

Moreover, do not forget to tie any loose and hanging sleeves or clothing. Tie up open hair, lest they might get
stuck in the rotating workpiece. Also, rid yourself of all jewelry and ornaments for the same reason. Wearing
earplugs, to avoid hearing loud lathe-operating sounds, is advisable.
THANK YOU